29 research outputs found

    Ultra-wideband indoor communications using optical technology

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    La communication ultra large bande (UWB) a attirĂ© une Ă©norme quantitĂ© de recherches ces derniĂšres annĂ©es, surtout aprĂšs la prĂ©sentation du masque spectral de US Federal Communications Commission (FCC). Les impulsions ultra-courtes permettent de trĂšs hauts dĂ©bits de faible puissance tout en Ă©liminant les interfĂ©rences avec les systĂšmes existants Ă  bande Ă©troite. La faible puissance, cependant, limite la portĂ©e de propagation des radios UWB Ă  quelques mĂštres pour la transmission sans fil Ă  l’intĂ©rieur d’une piĂšce. En outre, des signaux UWB reçu sont Ă©tendus dans le temps en raison de la propagation par trajet multiple qui rĂ©sulte en beaucoup d’interfĂ©rence inter-symbole (ISI) Ă  haut dĂ©bit. Le monocycle Gaussien, l’impulsion la plus commune dans UWB, a une mauvaise couverture sous le masque de la FCC. Dans cette thĂšse, nous dĂ©montrons des transmet- teurs qui sont capables de gĂ©nĂ©rer des impulsions UWB avec une efficacitĂ© de puissance Ă©levĂ©e. Une impulsion efficace rĂ©sulte dans un rapport de signal Ă  bruit (SNR) supĂ©rieur au rĂ©cepteur en utilisant plus de la puissance disponible sous le masque spectral de la FCC. On produit les impulsions dans le domaine optique et utilise la fibre optique pour les transporter sur plusieurs kilomĂštres pour la distribution dans un rĂ©seau optique pas- sif. La fibre optique est trĂšs fiable pour le transport des signaux radio avec une faible consommation de puissance. On utilise les Ă©lĂ©ments simples comme un modulateur Mach-Zehnder ou un rĂ©sonateur en anneau pour gĂ©nĂ©rer des impulsions, ce qui permet l’intĂ©gration dans le silicium. Compatible avec la technologie CMOS, la photonique sur silicium a un potentiel Ă©norme pour abaisser le coĂ»t et l’encombrement des systĂšmes optiques. La photodĂ©tection convertit les impulsions optiques en impulsions Ă©lectriques avant la transmission sur l’antenne du cĂŽtĂ© de l’utilisateur. La rĂ©ponse frĂ©quentielle de l’antenne dĂ©forme la forme d’onde de l’impulsion UWB. Nous proposons une technique d’optimisation non-linĂ©aire qui prend en compte la distorsion d’antenne pour trouver des impulsions qui maximisent la puissance transmise, en respectant le masque spectral de la FCC. Nous travaillons avec trois antennes et concevons une impulsion unique pour chacune d’entre elle. L’amĂ©lioration de l’énergie des impulsions UWB amĂ©liore directement la SNR au rĂ©cepteur. Les rĂ©sultats de simulation montrent que les impulsions optimisĂ©es amĂ©liorent considĂ©rablement le taux d’erreur (BER) par rapport au monocycle Gaussien sous propagation par trajet multiple. Notre autre contribution est l’évaluation d’un filtre adaptĂ© pour recevoir efficacement des impulsions UWB. Le filtre adaptĂ© est synthĂ©tisĂ© et fabriquĂ© en technologie microstrip, en collaboration avec l’UniversitĂ© McGill comme un dispositif de bande interdite Ă©lectromagnĂ©tique. La rĂ©ponse frĂ©quentielle du filtre adaptĂ© montre une ex- cellente concordance avec le spectre ciblĂ© de l’impulsion UWB. Les mesures de BER confirment la performance supĂ©rieure du filtre adaptĂ© par rapport Ă  un rĂ©cepteur Ă  conversion directe. Le canal UWB est trĂšs riche en trajet multiple conduisant Ă  l’ISI Ă  haut dĂ©bit. Notre derniĂšre contribution est l’étude de performance des rĂ©cepteurs en simulant un systĂšme avec des conditions de canaux rĂ©alistes. Les rĂ©sultats de la simulation montrent que la performance d’un tel systĂšme se dĂ©grade de façon significative pour les hauts dĂ©bits. Afin de compenser la forte ISI dans les taux de transfert de donnĂ©es en Gb/s, nous Ă©tudions l’algorithme de Viterbi (VA) avec un nombre limitĂ© d’états et un Ă©galiseur DFE (decision feedback equalizer). Nous examinons le nombre d’états requis dans le VA, et le nombre de coefficients du filtre dans le DFE pour une transmission fiable de UWB en Gb/s dans les canaux en ligne de vue. L’évaluation par simulation de BER confirme que l’égalisation amĂ©liore considĂ©rablement les performances par rapport Ă  la dĂ©tection de symbole. La DFE a une meilleure performance par rapport Ă  la VA en utilisant une complexitĂ© comparable. La DFE peut couvrir une plus grande mĂ©moire de canal avec un niveau de complexitĂ© relativement rĂ©duit.Ultra-wideband (UWB) communication has attracted an enormous amount of research in recent years, especially after the introduction of the US Federal Communications Commission (FCC) spectral mask. Ultra-short pulses allow for very high bit-rates while low power eliminates interference with existing narrowband systems. Low power, however, limits the propagation range of UWB radios to a few meters for indoors wireless transmission. Furthermore, received UWB signals are spread in time because of multipath propagation which results in high intersymbol interference at high data rates. Gaussian monocycle, the most commonly employed UWB pulse, has poor coverage under the FCC mask. In this thesis we demonstrate transmitters capable of generating UWB pulses with high power efficiency at Gb/s bit-rates. An efficient pulse results in higher signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) at the receiver by utilizing most of the available power under the FCC spectral mask. We generate the pulses in the optical domain and use optical fiber to transport the pulses over several kilometers for distribution in a passive optical network. Optical fiber is very reliable for transporting radio signals with low power consumption. We use simple elements such as a Mach Zehnder modulator or a ring resonator for pulse shaping, allowing for integration in silicon. Being compatible with CMOS technology, silicon photonics has huge potential for lowering the cost and bulkiness of optical systems. Photodetection converts the pulses to the electrical domain before antenna transmission at the user side. The frequency response of UWB antennas distorts the UWB waveforms. We pro- pose a nonlinear optimization technique which takes into account antenna distortion to find pulses that maximize the transmitted power, while respecting the FCC spectral mask. We consider three antennas and design a unique pulse for each. The energy improvement in UWB pulses directly improves the receiver SNR. Simulation results show that optimized pulses have a significant bit error rate (BER) performance improvement compared to the Gaussian monocycle under multipath propagation. Our other contribution is evaluating a matched filter to receive efficiently designed UWB pulses. The matched filter is synthesized and fabricated in microstrip technology in collaboration with McGill University as an electromagnetic bandgap device. The frequency response of the matched filter shows close agreement with the target UWB pulse spectrum. BER measurements confirm superior performance of the matched filter compared to a direct conversion receiver. The UWB channel is very rich in multipath leading to ISI at high bit rates. Our last contribution is investigating the performance of receivers by simulating a system employing realistic channel conditions. Simulation results show that the performance of such system degrades significantly for high data rates. To compensate the severe ISI at gigabit rates, we investigate the Viterbi algorithm (VA) with a limited number of states and the decision feedback equalizer (DFE). We examine the required number of states in the VA, and the number of taps in the DFE for reliable Gb/s UWB trans- mission for line-of-sight channels. Non-line-of-sight channels were also investigated at lower speeds. BER simulations confirm that equalization considerably improves the performance compared to symbol detection. The DFE results in better performance compared to the VA when using comparable complexity as the DFE can cover greater channel memory with a relatively low complexity level

    Contribution Ă  la conception d'un systĂšme de radio impulsionnelle ultra large bande intelligent

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    Faced with an ever increasing demand of high data-rates and improved adaptability among existing systems, which inturn is resulting in spectrum scarcity, the development of new radio solutions becomes mandatory in order to answer the requirements of these emergent applications. Among the recent innovations in the field of wireless communications,ultra wideband (UWB) has generated significant interest. Impulse based UWB (IR-UWB) is one attractive way of realizing UWB systems, which is characterized by the transmission of sub nanoseconds UWB pulses, occupying a band width up to 7.5 GHz with extremely low power density. This large band width results in several captivating features such as low-complexity low-cost transceiver, ability to overlay existing narrowband systems, ample multipath diversity, and precise ranging at centimeter level due to extremely fine temporal resolution.In this PhD dissertation, we investigate some of the key elements in the realization of an intelligent time-hopping based IR-UWB system. Due to striking resemblance of IR-UWB inherent features with cognitive radio (CR) requirements, acognitive UWB based system is first studied. A CR in its simplest form can be described as a radio, which is aware ofits surroundings and adapts intelligently. As sensing the environment for the availability of resources and then consequently adapting radio’s internal parameters to exploit them opportunistically constitute the major blocks of any CR, we first focus on robust spectrum sensing algorithms and the design of adaptive UWB waveforms for realizing a cognitive UWB radio. The spectrum sensing module needs to function with minimum a-priori knowledge available about the operating characteristics and detect the primary users as quickly as possible. Keeping this in mind, we develop several spectrum sensing algorithms invoking recent results on the random matrix theory, which can provide efficient performance with a few number of samples. Next, we design the UWB waveform using a linear combination of Bsp lines with weight coefficients being optimized by genetic algorithms. This results in a UWB waveform that is spectrally efficient and at the same time adaptable to incorporate the cognitive radio requirements. In the 2nd part of this thesis, some research challenges related to signal processing in UWB systems, namely synchronization and dense multipath channel estimation are addressed. Several low-complexity non-data-aided (NDA) synchronization algorithms are proposed for BPSK and PSM modulations, exploiting either the orthogonality of UWB waveforms or theinherent cyclostationarity of IR-UWB signaling. Finally, we look into the channel estimation problem in UWB, whichis very demanding due to particular nature of UWB channels and at the same time very critical for the coherent Rake receivers. A method based on a joint maximum-likelihood (ML) and orthogonal subspace (OS) approaches is proposed which exhibits improved performance than both of these methods individually.Face Ă  une demande sans cesse croissante de haut dĂ©bit et d’adaptabilitĂ© des systĂšmes existants, qui Ă  son tour se traduit par l’encombrement du spectre, le dĂ©veloppement de nouvelles solutions dans le domaine des communications sans fil devient nĂ©cessaire afin de rĂ©pondre aux exigences des applications Ă©mergentes. Parmi les innovations rĂ©centes dans ce domaine, l’ultra large bande (UWB) a suscitĂ© un vif intĂ©rĂȘt. La radio impulsionnelle UWB (IR-UWB), qui est une solution intĂ©ressante pour rĂ©aliser des systĂšmes UWB, est caractĂ©risĂ©e par la transmission des impulsions de trĂšs courte durĂ©e, occupant une largeur de bande allant jusqu’à 7,5 GHz, avec une densitĂ© spectrale de puissance extrĂȘmement faible. Cette largeur de bande importante permet de rĂ©aliser plusieurs fonctionnalitĂ©s intĂ©ressantes, telles que l’implĂ©mentation Ă  faible complexitĂ© et Ă  coĂ»t rĂ©duit, la possibilitĂ© de se superposer aux systĂšmes Ă  bande Ă©troite, la diversitĂ© spatiale et la localisation trĂšs prĂ©cise de l’ordre centimĂ©trique, en raison de la rĂ©solution temporelle trĂšs fine.Dans cette thĂšse, nous examinons certains Ă©lĂ©ments clĂ©s dans la rĂ©alisation d'un systĂšme IR-UWB intelligent. Nous avons tout d’abord proposĂ© le concept de radio UWB cognitive Ă  partir des similaritĂ©s existantes entre l'IR-UWB et la radio cognitive. Dans sa dĂ©finition la plus simple, un tel systĂšme est conscient de son environnement et s'y adapte intelligemment. Ainsi, nous avons tout d’abord focalisĂ© notre recherchĂ© sur l’analyse de la disponibilitĂ© des ressources spectrales (spectrum sensing) et la conception d’une forme d’onde UWB adaptative, considĂ©rĂ©es comme deux Ă©tapes importantes dans la rĂ©alisation d'une radio cognitive UWB. Les algorithmes de spectrum sensing devraient fonctionner avec un minimum de connaissances a priori et dĂ©tecter rapidement les utilisateurs primaires. Nous avons donc dĂ©veloppĂ© de tels algorithmes utilisant des rĂ©sultats rĂ©cents sur la thĂ©orie des matrices alĂ©atoires, qui sont capables de fournir de bonnes performances, avec un petit nombre d'Ă©chantillons. Ensuite, nous avons proposĂ© une mĂ©thode de conception de la forme d'onde UWB, vue comme une superposition de fonctions B-splines, dont les coefficients de pondĂ©ration sont optimisĂ©s par des algorithmes gĂ©nĂ©tiques. Il en rĂ©sulte une forme d'onde UWB qui est spectralement efficace et peut s’adapter pour intĂ©grer les contraintes liĂ©es Ă  la radio cognitive. Dans la 2Ăšme partie de cette thĂšse, nous nous sommes attaquĂ©s Ă  deux autres problĂ©matiques importantes pour le fonctionnement des systĂšmes UWB, Ă  savoir la synchronisation et l’estimation du canal UWB, qui est trĂšs dense en trajets multiples. Ainsi, nous avons proposĂ© plusieurs algorithmes de synchronisation, de faible complexitĂ© et sans sĂ©quence d’apprentissage, pour les modulations BPSK et PSM, en exploitant l'orthogonalitĂ© des formes d'onde UWB ou la cyclostationnaritĂ© inhĂ©rente Ă  la signalisation IR-UWB. Enfin, nous avons travaillĂ© sur l'estimation du canal UWB, qui est un Ă©lĂ©ment critique pour les rĂ©cepteurs Rake cohĂ©rents. Ainsi, nous avons proposĂ© une mĂ©thode d’estimation du canal basĂ©e sur une combinaison de deux approches complĂ©mentaires, le maximum de vraisemblance et la dĂ©composition en sous-espaces orthogonaux,d’amĂ©liorer globalement les performances

    Ultra Wideband Communications: from Analog to Digital

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    ï»żUltrabreitband-Signale (Ultra Wideband [UWB]) können einen signifikanten Nutzen im Bereich drahtloser Kommunikationssysteme haben. Es sind jedoch noch einige Probleme offen, die durch Systemdesigner und Wissenschaftler gelöst werden mĂŒssen. Ein Funknetzsystem mit einer derart großen Bandbreite ist normalerweise auch durch eine große Anzahl an Mehrwegekomponenten mit jeweils verschiedenen Pfadamplituden gekennzeichnet. Daher ist es schwierig, die zeitlich verteilte Energie effektiv zu erfassen. Außerdem ist in vielen FĂ€llen der naheliegende Ansatz, ein kohĂ€renter EmpfĂ€nger im Sinne eines signalangepassten Filters oder eines Korrelators, nicht unbedingt die beste Wahl. In der vorliegenden Arbeit wird dabei auf die bestehende Problematik und weitere Lösungsmöglichkeiten eingegangen. Im ersten Abschnitt geht es um „Impulse Radio UWB”-Systeme mit niedriger Datenrate. Bei diesen Systemen kommt ein inkohĂ€renter EmpfĂ€nger zum Einsatz. InkohĂ€rente Signaldetektion stellt insofern einen vielversprechenden Ansatz dar, als das damit aufwandsgĂŒnstige und robuste Implementierungen möglich sind. Dies trifft vor allem in AnwendungsfĂ€llen wie den von drahtlosen Sensornetzen zu, wo preiswerte GerĂ€te mit langer Batterielaufzeit nötigsind. Dies verringert den fĂŒr die KanalschĂ€tzung und die Synchronisation nötigen Aufwand, was jedoch auf Kosten der Leistungseffizienz geht und eine erhöhte Störempfindlichkeit gegenĂŒber Interferenz (z.B. Interferenz durch mehrere Nutzer oder schmalbandige Interferenz) zur Folge hat. Um die Bitfehlerrate der oben genannten Verfahren zu bestimmen, wurde zunĂ€chst ein inkohĂ€renter Combining-Verlust spezifiziert, welcher auftritt im Gegensatz zu kohĂ€renter Detektion mit Maximum Ratio Multipath Combining. Dieser Verlust hĂ€ngt von dem Produkt aus der LĂ€nge des Integrationsfensters und der Signalbandbreite ab. Um den Verlust durch inkohĂ€rentes Combining zu reduzieren und somit die Leistungseffizienz des EmpfĂ€ngers zu steigern, werden verbesserte Combining-Methoden fĂŒr Mehrwegeempfang vorgeschlagen. Ein analoger EmpfĂ€nger, bei dem der Hauptteil des Mehrwege-Combinings durch einen „Integrate and Dump”-Filter implementiert ist, wird fĂŒr UWB-Systeme mit Zeit-Hopping gezeigt. Dabei wurde die Einsatzmöglichkeit von dĂŒnn besetzten Codes in solchen System diskutiert und bewertet. Des Weiteren wird eine Regel fĂŒr die Code-Auswahl vorgestellt, welche die StabilitĂ€t des Systems gegen Mehrnutzer-Störungen sicherstellt und gleichzeitig den Verlust durch inkohĂ€rentes Combining verringert. Danach liegt der Fokus auf digitalen Lösungen bei inkohĂ€renter Demodulation. Im Vergleich zum AnalogempfĂ€nger besitzt ein DigitalempfĂ€nger einen Analog-Digital-Wandler im Zeitbereich gefolgt von einem digitalen Optimalfilter. Der digitale Optimalfilter dekodiert den Mehrfachzugriffscode kohĂ€rent und beschrĂ€nkt das inkohĂ€rente Combining auf die empfangenen Mehrwegekomponenten im Digitalbereich. Es kommt ein schneller Analog-Digital-Wandler mit geringer Auflösung zum Einsatz, um einen vertretbaren Energieverbrauch zu gewĂ€hrleisten. Diese Digitaltechnik macht den Einsatz langer Analogverzögerungen bei differentieller Demodulation unnötig und ermöglicht viele Arten der digitalen Signalverarbeitung. Im Vergleich zur Analogtechnik reduziert sie nicht nur den inkohĂ€renten Combining-Verlust, sonder zeigt auch eine stĂ€rkere Resistenz gegenĂŒber Störungen. Dabei werden die Auswirkungen der Auflösung und der Abtastrate der Analog-Digital-Umsetzung analysiert. Die Resultate zeigen, dass die verminderte Effizienz solcher Analog-Digital-Wandler gering ausfĂ€llt. Weiterhin zeigt sich, dass im Falle starker Mehrnutzerinterferenz sogar eine Verbesserung der Ergebnisse zu beobachten ist. Die vorgeschlagenen Design-Regeln spezifizieren die Anwendung der Analog-Digital-Wandler und die Auswahl der Systemparameter in AbhĂ€ngigkeit der verwendeten Mehrfachzugriffscodes und der Modulationsart. Wir zeigen, wie unter Anwendung erweiterter Modulationsverfahren die Leistungseffizienz verbessert werden kann und schlagen ein Verfahren zur UnterdrĂŒckung schmalbandiger Störer vor, welches auf Soft Limiting aufbaut. Durch die Untersuchungen und Ergebnissen zeigt sich, dass inkohĂ€rente EmpfĂ€nger in UWB-Kommunikationssystemen mit niedriger Datenrate ein großes Potential aufweisen. Außerdem wird die Auswahl der benutzbaren Bandbreite untersucht, um einen Kompromiss zwischen inkohĂ€rentem Combining-Verlust und StabilitĂ€t gegenĂŒber langsamen Schwund zu erreichen. Dadurch wurde ein neues Konzept fĂŒr UWB-Systeme erarbeitet: wahlweise kohĂ€rente oder inkohĂ€rente EmpfĂ€nger, welche als UWB-Systeme Frequenz-Hopping nutzen. Der wesentliche Vorteil hiervon liegt darin, dass die Bandbreite im Basisband sich deutlich verringert. Mithin ermöglicht dies einfach zu realisierende digitale Signalverarbeitungstechnik mit kostengĂŒnstigen Analog-Digital-Wandlern. Dies stellt eine neue Epoche in der Forschung im Bereich drahtloser Sensorfunknetze dar. Der Schwerpunkt des zweiten Abschnitts stellt adaptiven Signalverarbeitung fĂŒr hohe Datenraten mit „Direct Sequence”-UWB-Systemen in den Vordergrund. In solchen Systemen entstehen, wegen der großen Anzahl der empfangenen Mehrwegekomponenten, starke Inter- bzw. Intrasymbolinterferenzen. Außerdem kann die FunktionalitĂ€t des Systems durch Mehrnutzerinterferenz und Schmalbandstörungen deutlich beeinflusst werden. Um sie zu eliminieren, wird die „Widely Linear”-Rangreduzierung benutzt. Dabei verbessert die Rangreduzierungsmethode das Konvergenzverhalten, besonders wenn der gegebene Vektor eine sehr große Anzahl an Abtastwerten beinhaltet (in Folge hoher einer Abtastrate). ZusĂ€tzlich kann das System durch die Anwendung der R-linearen Verarbeitung die Statistik zweiter Ordnung des nicht-zirkularen Signals vollstĂ€ndig ausnutzen, was sich in verbesserten SchĂ€tzergebnissen widerspiegelt. Allgemeine kann die Methode der „Widely Linear”-Rangreduzierung auch in andern Bereichen angewendet werden, z.B. in „Direct Sequence”-Codemultiplexverfahren (DS-CDMA), im MIMO-Bereich, im Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM) und beim Beamforming.The aim of this thesis is to investigate key issues encountered in the design of transmission schemes and receiving techniques for Ultra Wideband (UWB) communication systems. Based on different data rate applications, this work is divided into two parts, where energy efficient and robust physical layer solutions are proposed, respectively. Due to a huge bandwidth of UWB signals, a considerable amount of multipath arrivals with various path gains is resolvable at the receiver. For low data rate impulse radio UWB systems, suboptimal non-coherent detection is a simple way to effectively capture the multipath energy. Feasible techniques that increase the power efficiency and the interference robustness of non-coherent detection need to be investigated. For high data rate direct sequence UWB systems, a large number of multipath arrivals results in severe inter-/intra-symbol interference. Additionally, the system performance may also be deteriorated by multi-user interference and narrowband interference. It is necessary to develop advanced signal processing techniques at the receiver to suppress these interferences. Part I of this thesis deals with the co-design of signaling schemes and receiver architectures in low data rate impulse radio UWB systems based on non-coherent detection.● We analyze the bit error rate performance of non-coherent detection and characterize a non-coherent combining loss, i.e., a performance penalty with respect to coherent detection with maximum ratio multipath combining. The thorough analysis of this loss is very helpful for the design of transmission schemes and receive techniques innon-coherent UWB communication systems.● We propose to use optical orthogonal codes in a time hopping impulse radio UWB system based on an analog non-coherent receiver. The “analog” means that the major part of the multipath combining is implemented by an integrate and dump filter. The introduced semi-analytical method can help us to easily select the time hopping codes to ensure the robustness against the multi-user interference and meanwhile to alleviate the non-coherent combining loss.● The main contribution of Part I is the proposal of applying fully digital solutions in non-coherent detection. The proposed digital non-coherent receiver is based on a time domain analog-to-digital converter, which has a high speed but a very low resolution to maintain a reasonable power consumption. Compared to its analog counterpart, itnot only significantly reduces the non-coherent combining loss but also offers a higher interference robustness. In particular, the one-bit receiver can effectively suppress strong multi-user interference and is thus advantageous in separating simultaneously operating piconets.The fully digital solutions overcome the difficulty of implementing long analog delay lines and make differential UWB detection possible. They also facilitate the development of various digital signal processing techniques such as multi-user detection and non-coherent multipath combining methods as well as the use of advanced modulationschemes (e.g., M-ary Walsh modulation).● Furthermore, we present a novel impulse radio UWB system based on frequency hopping, where both coherent and non-coherent receivers can be adopted. The key advantage is that the baseband bandwidth can be considerably reduced (e.g., lower than 500 MHz), which enables low-complexity implementation of the fully digital solutions. It opens up various research activities in the application field of wireless sensor networks. Part II of this thesis proposes adaptive widely linear reduced-rank techniques to suppress interferences for high data rate direct sequence UWB systems, where second-order non-circular signals are used. The reduced-rank techniques are designed to improve the convergence performance and the interference robustness especially when the received vector contains a large number of samples (due to a high sampling rate in UWB systems). The widely linear processing takes full advantage of the second-order statistics of the non-circular signals and enhances the estimation performance. The generic widely linear reduced-rank concept also has a great potential in the applications of other systems such as Direct Sequence Code Division Multiple Access (DS-CDMA), Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO) system, and Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM), or in other areas such as beamforming

    Deep Space Telecommunications Systems Engineering

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    Descriptive and analytical information useful for the optimal design, specification, and performance evaluation of deep space telecommunications systems is presented. Telemetry, tracking, and command systems, receiver design, spacecraft antennas, frequency selection, interference, and modulation techniques are addressed

    Visible Light Communication (VLC)

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    Visible light communication (VLC) using light-emitting diodes (LEDs) or laser diodes (LDs) has been envisioned as one of the key enabling technologies for 6G and Internet of Things (IoT) systems, owing to its appealing advantages, including abundant and unregulated spectrum resources, no electromagnetic interference (EMI) radiation and high security. However, despite its many advantages, VLC faces several technical challenges, such as the limited bandwidth and severe nonlinearity of opto-electronic devices, link blockage and user mobility. Therefore, significant efforts are needed from the global VLC community to develop VLC technology further. This Special Issue, “Visible Light Communication (VLC)”, provides an opportunity for global researchers to share their new ideas and cutting-edge techniques to address the above-mentioned challenges. The 16 papers published in this Special Issue represent the fascinating progress of VLC in various contexts, including general indoor and underwater scenarios, and the emerging application of machine learning/artificial intelligence (ML/AI) techniques in VLC

    Design of tch-type sequences for communications

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    This thesis deals with the design of a class of cyclic codes inspired by TCH codewords. Since TCH codes are linked to finite fields the fundamental concepts and facts about abstract algebra, namely group theory and number theory, constitute the first part of the thesis. By exploring group geometric properties and identifying an equivalence between some operations on codes and the symmetries of the dihedral group we were able to simplify the generation of codewords thus saving on the necessary number of computations. Moreover, we also presented an algebraic method to obtain binary generalized TCH codewords of length N = 2k, k = 1,2, . . . , 16. By exploring Zech logarithm’s properties as well as a group theoretic isomorphism we developed a method that is both faster and less complex than what was proposed before. In addition, it is valid for all relevant cases relating the codeword length N and not only those resulting from N = p

    Scalable Front End Designs for Communication and Learning

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    In this work we provide three examples of estimation/detection problems, for which customizing the Front End to the specific application makes the system more efficient and scalable. The three problems we consider are all classical, but face new scalability challenges. This introduces additional constraints, accounting for which results in front end designs that are very distinct from the conventional approaches. The first two case studies pertain to the canonical problems of synchronization and equalization for communication links. As the system bandwidths scale, challenges arise due to the limiting resolution of analog-to-digital converters (ADCs). We discuss system designs that react to this bottleneck by drastically relaxing the precision requirements of the front end and correspondingly modifying the back end algorithms using Bayesian principles. The third problem we discuss belongs to the field of computer vision. Inspired by the research in neuroscience about the mammalian visual system, we redesign the front end of a machine vision system to be neuro-mimetic, followed by layers of unsupervised learning using simple k-means clustering. This results in a framework that is intuitive, more computationally efficient compared to the approach of supervised deep networks, and amenable to the increasing availability of large amounts of unlabeled data. We first consider the problem of blind carrier phase and frequency synchronization in order to obtain insight into the performance limitations imposed by severe quantization constraints. We adopt a mixed signal analog front end that coarsely quantizes the phase and employs a digitally controlled feedback that applies a phase shift prior to the ADC, this acts as a controllable dither signal and aids in the estimation process. We propose a control policy for the feedback and show that combined with blind Bayesian algorithms, it results in excellent performance, close to that of an unquantized system.Next, we take up the problem of channel equalization with severe limits on the number of slicers available for the ADC. We find that the standard flash ADC architecture can be highly sub-optimal in the presence of such constraints. Hence we explore a ``space-time'' generalization of the flash architecture by allowing a fixed numberof slicers to be dispersed in time (sampling phase) as well as space (i.e., amplitude). We show that optimizing the slicer locations, conditioned on the channel, results in significant gains in the bit error rate (BER) performance. Finally, we explore alternative ways of learning convolutionalnets for machine vision, making it easier to interpret and simpler to implement than currently used purely supervised nets. In particular, we investigate a framework that combines a neuro-mimetic front end (designed in collaboration with the neuroscientists from the psychology department at UCSB) together with unsupervised feature extraction based on clustering. Supervised classification, using a generic support vector machine (SVM), is applied at the end.We obtain competitive classification results on standard image databases, beating the state of the art for NORB (uniform-normalized) and approaching it for MNIST

    Space programs summary no. 37-27, volume IV for the period April 1, 1964 to May 31, 1964. Supporting research and advanced development

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    Space exploration programs - systems analysis - spacecraft power and guidance systems - propellant engineering and communications system

    Proceedings of the Second International Mobile Satellite Conference (IMSC 1990)

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    Presented here are the proceedings of the Second International Mobile Satellite Conference (IMSC), held June 17-20, 1990 in Ottawa, Canada. Topics covered include future mobile satellite communications concepts, aeronautical applications, modulation and coding, propagation and experimental systems, mobile terminal equipment, network architecture and control, regulatory and policy considerations, vehicle antennas, and speech compression
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