716 research outputs found
Evaluating Architectural Safeguards for Uncertain AI Black-Box Components
Although tremendous progress has been made in Artificial Intelligence (AI), it entails new challenges. The growing complexity of learning tasks requires more complex AI components, which increasingly exhibit unreliable behaviour. In this book, we present a model-driven approach to model architectural safeguards for AI components and analyse their effect on the overall system reliability
Beyond Quantity: Research with Subsymbolic AI
How do artificial neural networks and other forms of artificial intelligence interfere with methods and practices in the sciences? Which interdisciplinary epistemological challenges arise when we think about the use of AI beyond its dependency on big data? Not only the natural sciences, but also the social sciences and the humanities seem to be increasingly affected by current approaches of subsymbolic AI, which master problems of quality (fuzziness, uncertainty) in a hitherto unknown way. But what are the conditions, implications, and effects of these (potential) epistemic transformations and how must research on AI be configured to address them adequately
Theme Aspect Argumentation Model for Handling Fallacies
From daily discussions to marketing ads to political statements, information
manipulation is rife. It is increasingly more important that we have the right
set of tools to defend ourselves from manipulative rhetoric, or fallacies.
Suitable techniques to automatically identify fallacies are being investigated
in natural language processing research. However, a fallacy in one context may
not be a fallacy in another context, so there is also a need to explain how and
why it has come to be judged a fallacy. For the explainable fallacy
identification, we present a novel approach to characterising fallacies through
formal constraints, as a viable alternative to more traditional fallacy
classifications by informal criteria. To achieve this objective, we introduce a
novel context-aware argumentation model, the theme aspect argumentation model,
which can do both: the modelling of a given argumentation as it is expressed
(rhetorical modelling); and a deeper semantic analysis of the rhetorical
argumentation model. By identifying fallacies with formal constraints, it
becomes possible to tell whether a fallacy lurks in the modelled rhetoric with
a formal rigour. We present core formal constraints for the theme aspect
argumentation model and then more formal constraints that improve its fallacy
identification capability. We show and prove the consequences of these formal
constraints. We then analyse the computational complexities of deciding the
satisfiability of the constraints
Making Endless War: The Vietnam and Arab-Israeli Conflicts in the History of International Law
Making Endless War is built on the premise that any attempt to understand how the content and function of the laws of war changed in the second half of the twentieth century should consider two major armed conflicts, fought on opposite edges of Asia, and the legal pathways that link them together across time and space. The Vietnam and Arab-Israeli conflicts have been particularly significant in the shaping and attempted remaking of international law from 1945 right through to the present day. This carefully curated collection of essays by lawyers, historians, philosophers, sociologists, and political geographers of war explores the significance of these two conflicts, including their impact on the politics and culture of the world's most powerful nation, the United States of America. The volume foregrounds attempts to develop legal rationales for the continued waging of war after 1945 by moving beyond explaining the end of war as a legal institution, and toward understanding the attempted institutionalization of endless war
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