19 research outputs found

    Images in seals of chapters and bishops in the medieval dioceses of Norway and Iceland

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    The PhD thesis, Images in seals of chapters and bishops in the medieval dioceses of Norway and Iceland, is an innovative study on the imagery in the seals of chapters and bishops in the medieval dioceses of Norway and Iceland in the time frame of ca 1250-1537. The dioceses in question were those of Nidaros, Bergen, Hamar, Stavanger, Oslo, Skálholt and Hólar. The study aims partly to investigate the visual authority of the metropolitan see in Nidaros. Whether the iconography in the seals of the archbishops had an impact on the imagery in the seals of the suffragans. Another important aim is to explore architecture and architectural elements in the seals and estimate on what ground the topographical connection or accuracy in seal images rests. The first part of the work consists of an overview of both types of the seals in question and the later chapters provide an in-depth study on architecture and architectural elements in these two types of seals. Chapter 2. provides an overview of chapter seals which are different in essence from the seals of individuals. The seals are listed and described, diocese by diocese, starting with Nidaros. Chapter 3 presents the seals of bishops according to their iconographic types and is subdivided by them. The discussion in chapter 4 provides a ground for evaluation of church buildings in chapter seals in general by presenting important comparison examples where both seal and a medieval church are preserved. In chapter 5 individual examples from the dioceses in Norway and Iceland are presented. Because of a complete lack of preserved medieval church buildings in Iceland, the Icelandic chapter seals receive the most attention. Chapter 6. Deals with architectural elements in bishop´s seals. Suggestions are provided for what types of architectural elements would be appropriate in bishop´s seals and that is different from what is relevant for chapter seals. The seals with architectural elements are then compared to the built environment at their cathedrals and/or what is known about them. The conclusion of the thesis is multi-layered, providing both positive and negative answers to the research questions where topographical accuracy of church images in chapter seals is addressed and a plausible possibility in many instances.Doktorsritgerðin, Images in seals of chapters and bishops in the medieval dioceses of Norway and Iceland fjallar um myndefnið í tveimur tegundum kirkulegra miðaldainnsigla í norsku og íslensku biskupsdæmum miðalda. Annars vegar innsigli dómklerka og klaustursamfélaga og hins vegar einstaklinga, þ.e. biskupa. Samfélög dómklerka og klaustrafólks nefndust kapítuli og af því er orðið kapítulainnsigli dregið. Orðið kapítuli á einnig við um samkomustaðinn sjálfan, rýmið þar sem starfsemin fór fram. Tímarammi verksins er frá elstu varðveislu sem nær aftur á miðja 13. öld og fram til siðbreytingar. Þar er miðað við ártal kirkjuordinazíu Kristjáns III frá 1537 að teknu tilliti til breytileika eftir biskupsdæmum. Innsigli þessara hópa eru ólík í eðli sínu og því nauðsynlegt að fjalla um þau í aðskildum köflum. Kapítulainnsiglin höfðu langan líftíma, sum hver voru notuð öldum saman en aftur á móti voru biskupsinnsigli bundin við embættistíð hvers þeirra sem gat verið nokkuð breytileg. Stíll biskupsinnsigla breyttist því hraðar en kapítulainnsigla. Í köflum 2 og 3 er lagt fram yfirlit yfir varðveitt kapítula- og biskupsinnsigli í norsku og íslensku biskupsdæmunum eins og þau voru á miðöldum. Birtir það yfirlit ákv. mynstur menningartengsla sem eru mismunandi eftir því hvor flokkur innsigla á í hlut. Í köflum 4-6 er áhersla lögð á að skoða byggingar og byggingarþætti í þessum sömu flokkum innsigla. Grundvöllurinn sem liggur að baki því að kirkjumyndir voru í kapítulainnsiglum er kannaður og lögð fram skýr dæmi þar sem samanburður á innsiglismynd og traustri heimild um útlit kirkju kemur fram. Sérstök áhersla er lögð á að meta kirkjumyndir í íslensku kapítulainnsiglunum, einkum í ljósi þess að engar varðveittar miðaldakirkjur eru til í landinu. Myndefni þetta hefur því mikið gildi fyrir rannsóknir á íslenskum kirkjubyggingararfi.Rannsóknarsjóður Háskóla Ísland

    Latin as the Language of Science and Learning

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    This book approaches its topic from three angles: diachronic semantics, a panorama of science and scientific writing in Latin from antiquity up to the present, and linguistic forays that try to demarcate scientific Latin from other registers and to identify groups of different language use among the authors introduced in the panorama. The transition of science from Greek through Latin to the modern vernaculars is especially emphasised

    Cardinal Arithmetic: From Silver’s Theorem to Shelah’s PCF Theory

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    Treballs Finals del Màster de Lògica Pura i Aplicada, Facultat de Filosofia, Universitat de Barcelona, Curs: 2019-2020, Tutor: Joan Bagaria PigrauThe main goal of this master’s thesis is to give a detailed description of the major ZFC advances in cardinal arithmetic from Silver’s Theorem to Shelah’s pcf theory and his bound on 2אω. In our attempt to make this thesis as self-contained as possible, we have devoted the first chapter to review the most elementary concepts of set theory, which include all the classical results from the first period of developement of cardinal arithmetic, from 1870 to 1930, due to Cantor, Hausdorff, König, and Tarski

    Crusade preaching, c. 1095-1216: control, evolution and impact

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    This thesis investigates the papacy’s authority over the preaching of crusades between 1095 and 1216. It connects for the first time the administrative government of the Papal Monarchy with the data relating to known crusade participants to show the varied effectiveness of crusade preaching. The study is divided thematically into four key areas that show the different ways in which crusading was communicated: the role of successive popes as crusade preachers; the significance of epistolary communication of the popes’ crusade messages; the impact of the numerous proxy preachers who acted with or without the papacy’s authority; and the contribution of magnus rumor, which developed organically from the original crusade message but was not subject to direct papal influence. By inputting data relating to known crusaders into Geographical Information Software, it compares crusade recruits with papal letters and preaching events and proves that crusade preachers’ successes varied according to the time and regions in which they preached. The thesis shows that, despite a clear evolution in the methods of communication, the effectiveness of promoting a successful crusade recruitment campaign during a period in which successive popes sought to assert Petrine authority was constrained by external factors

    Definable Combinatorics of Graphs and Equivalence Relations

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    Let D = (X, D) be a Borel directed graph on a standard Borel space X and let χB(D) be its Borel chromatic number. If F0, …, Fn-1: X → X are Borel functions, let DF0, …, Fn-1 be the directed graph that they generate. It is an open problem if χB(DF0, …, Fn-1) ∈ {1, …, 2n + 1, ℵ0}. Palamourdas verified the foregoing for commuting functions with no fixed points. We show here that for commuting functions with the property that there is a path from each x ∈ X to a fixed point of some Fj, there exists an increasing filtration X = ⋃m &lt; ω Xm such that χB(DF0, …, Fn-1↾ Xm) ≤ 2n for each m. We also prove that if n = 2 in the previous case, then χB(DF0, F1) ≤ 4. It follows that the approximate measure chromatic number χapM(D) ≤ 2n + 1 when the functions commute. If X is a set, E is an equivalence relation on X, and n ∈ ω, then define [X]nE = {(x0, ..., xn - 1) ∈ nX: (∀i,j)(i ≠ j → ¬(xi E xj))}. For n ∈ ω, a set X has the n-Jónsson property if and only if for every function f: [X]n= → X, there exists some Y ⊆ X with X and Y in bijection so that f[[Y]n=] ≠ X. A set X has the Jónsson property if and only for every function f : (⋃n ∈ ω [X]n=) → X, there exists some Y ⊆ X with X and Y in bijection so that f[⋃n ∈ ω [Y]n=] ≠ X. Let n ∈ ω, X be a Polish space, and E be an equivalence relation on X. E has the n-Mycielski property if and only if for all comeager C ⊆ nX, there is some Borel A ⊆ X so that E ≤B E ↾ A and [A]nE ⊆ C. The following equivalence relations will be considered: E0 is defined on ω2 by x E0 y if and only if (∃n)(∀k &gt; n)(x(k) = y(k)). E1 is defined on ω(ω2) by x E1 y if and only if (∃n)(∀k &gt; n)(x(k) = y(k)). E2 is defined on ω2 by x E2 y if and only if ∑{1⁄(n + 1): x(n) ≠ y(n)} &lt; ∞. E3 is defined on ω(ω2) by x E3 y if and only if (∀n)(x(n) E0 y(n)). Holshouser and Jackson have shown that ℝ is Jónsson under AD. The present research will show that E0 does not have the 3-Mycielski property and that E1, E2, and E3 do not have the 2-Mycielski property. Under ZF + AD, ω2/E0 does not have the 3-Jónsson property. Let G = (X, G) be a graph and define for b ≥ 1 its b-fold chromatic number χ(b)(G) as the minimum size of Y such that there is a function c from X into b-sets of Y with c(x) ∩ c(y) = ∅ if x G y. Then its fractional chromatic number is χf(G) = infb χ(b)(G)⁄b if the quotients are finite. If X is Polish and G is a Borel graph, we can also define its fractional Borel chromatic number χfB(G) by restricting to only Borel functions. We similarly define this for Baire measurable and μ-measurable functions for a Borel measure μ. We show that for each countable graph G, one may construct an acyclic Borel graph G' on a Polish space such that χfBM(G') = χf(G) and χBM(G') = χ(G), and similarly for χfμ and χμ. We also prove that the implication χf(G) = 2 ⇒ χ(G) = 2 is false in the Borel setting.</p

    Computer Science Logic 2018: CSL 2018, September 4-8, 2018, Birmingham, United Kingdom

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    Royal Sanctity and the Writing of History on the Peripheries of Latin Christendom, c. 1000 - 1200

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    In the eleventh and twelfth centuries, the edges of Latin Christendom were expanding outwards as new peoples along its northern and eastern peripheries converted to the Christian faith, including the Danes, Norwegians, and Hungarians. Closely related to this process of Christianization was the centralization of traditionally disunited peoples into unitary polities under the rule of new royal dynasties. These early kings used their novel political authority to patronize religious men and houses, found episcopal institutions, and enforce Christian observance amongst their peoples, and in turn they wielded the spiritual legitimacy offered by their new faith to bolster their dynastic ambitions. Founder-kings such as Knútr IV of Denmark, Óláfr II Haraldsson of Norway, Stephen I of Hungary, and Ladislaus I of Hungary were central to the emergence of their Christian kingdoms: and in death, they came to be venerated as their peoples’ first Christian saints. This dissertation explores the centrality of royal sanctity to the historical traditions of medieval Norway, Denmark, and Hungary. It asks what role was attributed to holy kings in the foundation of the northern and eastern kingdoms by native historians who, for the first time, were textually codifying their peoples’ pasts in chronicles, sagas, and saints’ lives. Royal sanctity was both a powerful and fraught category in that it united two types of authority, secular and spiritual, which had had a fraught interrelationship within the tradition of western Christian thought. Throughout the early Middle Ages, kings who had achieved posthumous sanctification had traditionally done so by renouncing their royal office in order to perfect themselves spiritually. This dissertation argues that the eleventh and twelfth century represents a distinct historical moment during which the concept of royal sanctity provided a particularly useful vocabulary for conceptualizing the emergence of new Christian polities on the edges of Latin Christendom. It did so because of, rather than in spite of, the internal tension between the identities of the king and the saint. Its duality allowed historians on the Christian peripheries to speak to both the religious and political transformation of their societies, and to explore in subtle ways the interrelations between kingship and salvation.Doctor of Philosoph
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