Fuzzy coprimary submodules

Let $R$ be a commutative ring with non-zero identity and let $M$ be a non-zero unitary $R$-module. The concept of fuzzy coprimary submodule as a dual notion of fuzzy primary one will be introduced and some of its properties will be studied. Among other things, the behavior of this concept with respect to fuzzy localization formation and fuzzy quotient will be examined

RESTRICTED CANCELLATION AND WEAKLY RESTRICTED CANCELLATION FUZZY MODULES

In this paper, we introduce and study (restricted cancellation, weakly restricted cancellation) fuzzy modules as generalization of notions restricted cancellation (weakly restricted cancellation) modules. We give many basic properties about both concepts

Survey on comultiplication modules

The concept of comultiplication (as a dual notion of multiplication) modules was introduced and studied by H. Ansari-Toroghy and F. Farshadifar in 2007. This notion has obtained a great attention by many authors and now there is a considerable amount of research concerning this class of modules. The main purpose of this paper is to collect these results and provide a useful source for those who are interested in research in this field

Mitochondrial Morphology Dynamics during Apoptosis - An integrative modeling approach

Mitochondria are central to many important cellular functions. The entire mitochondrial population is in constant flux, driven by continuous fusion and division of mitochondria. Defects in mitochondrial dynamics can cause deficits in mitochondrial respiration, morphology and motility leading to apoptosis under extreme conditions. An important and still unresolved question is how the heterogeneity of mitochondrial morphology, distribution and function are mechanistically realized in the cell. Importantly, to what extent is mitochondrial morphology dependent or affects cell fate decisions. Despite the intense focus on unraveling connections between mitochondrial morphology and severe human pathologies, the analysis and systematic description of mitochondrial phenotypes remains an open challenge. Current approaches to study mitochondrial morphology are limited by low data sampling coupled to manual identification and simplistic classification of complex morphological phenotypes. The overall goal of this work was to elucidate the nature of the relationship between mitochondria morphology and apoptotic events. Diverse apoptotic triggers were systematically tested and data concerning mitochondrial phenotypes and injury was collected to infer cause and consequence relationships. Therefore, high-resolution fluorescence imaging was employed to extract high-content information essential to identify and quantify spatial and conformational events in the single cell. These included monitoring of mitochondrial membrane permeability and quantification of Bax activation under matched conditions to assess mitochondrial stress. Experimentally, mitochondrial morphological transitions were followed in human breast carcinoma MCF-7 cells by tagging a mitochondrial inner membrane protein with a fluorescent probe. We made use of apoptotic conditions that have been previously reported to cause mitochondrial fragmentation or swelling. Wide field microscopy allowed for the collection of images containing cells with mostly networked, fragmented or swollen mitochondria. Next, image analysis was performed to extract several mitochondrial features that better characterize each class. These were grouped and used to build a decision tree-based classifier that automatically classifies individual mitochondria into the correspondent phenotypic class. Our population-based classifier accounts for intracellular sub-classes, intermediate mitochondrial stages and reproduces intercellular variances with high accuracy. Our results show that distinct apoptotic stimuli lead to subtle but significant differences in mitochondrial morphology within cell population that can be specific to a particular insult. Interestingly, there was no direct relation between the induced-mitochondrial classes and the analyzed apoptotic steps. In fact, some apoptotic drugs, which are known to cause similar mitochondrial damage, showed distinct mitochondrial morphology. Therefore, the observed heterogeneous response of mitochondria to stress strongly suggests that more complex, non-linear interactions exist. Here, we propose an integrated mechanistic and data-driven modeling approach to analyze heterogeneously quantified datasets and infer hierarchical interactions between mitochondrial morphology and apoptotic events. Our modeling results suggest that Bax activation leads to mitochondrial fragmentation, which is strongly associated with mitochondrial membrane depolarization events. In turn, the loss of mitochondrial membrane potential is closely related to mitochondrial swelling. Our model predictions are in accordance with previous published results and thereby validate our modeling approach that can now be easily extended to include new datasets. Surprisingly, mitochondrial fragmentation was not the most prominent phenotype, even under conditions where Bax activation was considerably high. Instead, swollen-mitochondria seem to be closer related to mitochondrial-associated death pathways. Next steps include the extension of our pipeline in a time-resolved manner and combined datasets acquisition in order to further investigate this hypothesis. In summary, we have established and validated a platform for mitochondrial morphological and functional analysis that offers results in an unbiased, systematic and statistically relevant manner. We believe the developed platform is suitable to be extensively used in the investigation of specific molecular targets. Possible applications include RNAi screens (e.g. morphology proteins) or extended compound libraries in a high-throughput mode. Importantly, it can now be further adjusted to other studies relevant to mitochondrial programmed cell death that will hopefully lead into the better understanding of mitochondrial role in physiology and disease progression

PASSIVE THERMAL CONTROL SYSTEMS FOR SPACE INSTRUMENTS MAKING – SCIENTIFIC BACKGROUND, QUALIFICATION, EXPLOITATION IN SPACE

Passive thermal control systems (TCS) are one of obligatory system of any space mission, used as on large spacecraft and microsatellites Supporting of required temperature range for space instruments is supported by rational design of TCS with optimal choice of main thermal control components such as multilayer insulation, optical coatings, heat conductive elements, heat insulation supports, thermal conductive gaskets, radiating surfaces and other elements. New ideology in TCS design has come after appearance of new element – heat pipe(s) which is a super heat conductive thermal conductor with constant or variable thermal properties

Genetic networks of antibacterial responses of eukaryotic cells. Bioinformatics analysis and modeling

This work describes the development of new methods to construction of promoter models as one of necessary steps of regulatory networks construction. Identification of characteristic promoter features shows the role of specific transcription factors (TFs) in triggering the response, which in turn sheds light on the signaling pathways activating these TFs. Treating reported results of microarray analyses together with other available information about the genes expressed in different cellular systems under consideration, we search for distinguishing features of the promoters of coexpressed genes. The application of such promoter models enables to identify additional candidate genes belonging to the same regulatory network. Four novel approaches are presented in this work: (i) subtractive approach to matrix generation; (ii) distance distribution approach; (iii) "seed" sets approach; (iv) complementary pairs approach. These approaches help to solve serious problems in promoter model construction such as the doubtful reliability of positive training sets ("seed" sets approach) and lack of knowledge about the exact signaling pathways triggering the gene expression (complementary pairs approach); the subtractive approach to matrix generation allows to refine positional weight matrices (PWM) for heterogeneous sets of binding sites, thus to improve the PWM search for single TFBS. A significant improvement of the specificity of promoter analysis has been achieved by applying statistical methods for characterizing TFBS combinations at over-represented distances rather than the mere identification of single potential TFBS (distance distributions approach). The newly developed methods were applied to the description of four defensive eukaryotic systems in terms of transcription regulation. The obtained models enabled us to gain better insights into the pathways of the corresponding signaling networks.Diese Arbeit beschreibt die Entwicklung mehrerer neuer Methoden zur Konstruktion von Promotormodellen als einen der notwendigen Schritte zur Konstruktion regulatorischer Netzwerke. Die Identifizierung charakteristischer Eigenschaften von Promotoren zeigt die Rolle bestimmter Transkriptionsfaktoren (TF) beim Auslösen spezifischer Antworten auf, was wiederum Aufschluss über die Signalwege zur Aktivierung dieser TF gibt. Durch Verarbeitung von Ergebnissen aus Microarray-Analysen zusammen mit weiteren verfügbaren Informationen über die in den betrachteten zellulären Systemen exprimierten Gene suchen wir nach kennzeichnenden Eigenschaften koregulierter Promotoren. Die Applikation solcher Promotermodelle ermöglicht die Identifizierung zusätzlicher Kandidatengene, die demselben regulatorischen Netzwerk angehören. Vier neue Ansätze werden in dieser Arbeit präsentiert: (i) der subtraktive Ansatz zur Matrixerzeugung; (ii) der Distanzverteilungsansatz; (iii) der "seed"-Set-Ansatz; (iv) der Ansatz komplementärer Paare. Diese Ansätze helfen, beträchtliche Probleme der Promotormodellkonstruktion zu lösen, wie die zweifelhafte Zuverlässigkeit positiver Trainingsets ("seed"-Set-Ansatz) und der Mangel an Wissen über die präzisen Signalwege, die bestimmte Genexpressionsereignisse auslösen (Ansatz komplementärer Paare). Der subtraktive Ansatz zur Matrixerzeugung erlaubt, Positionsgewichtungsmatrizen (PWM) für heterogene Sets von Bindungsstellen zu verfeinern und dadurch die PWM-Suche für einzelne TFBSs zur verbessern. Eine signifikante Verbesserung der Spezifität der Promotoranalyse wurde durch die Anwendung statistischer Methoden zur Charakterisierung von TFBS-Kombinationen in überrepräsentierten Distanzen anstelle der bloßen Identifizierung einzelner potentieller TFBSs erreicht. Die neuentwickelten Methoden wurden zur Beschreibung von vier eukaryotischen Abwehrsystemen verwendet. Die erhaltenen Modelle eröffneten tiefergehende Einsichten in die Pfade der zugehörigen Signalnetzwerke