A simple method for the determination of the structure of ultrashort relativistic electron bunches

In this paper we propose a new method for measurements of the longitudinal profile of 100 femtosecond electron bunches for X-ray Free Electron Lasers (XFELs). The method is simply the combination of two well-known techniques, which where not previously combined to our knowledge. We use seed 10-ps 1047 nm quantum laser to produce exact optical replica of ultrafast electron bunches. The replica is generated in apparatus which consists of an input undulator (energy modulator), and the short output undulator (radiator) separated by a dispersion section. The radiation in the output undulator is excited by the electron bunch modulated at the optical wavelength and rapidly reaches 100 MW-level peak power. We then use the now-standard method of ultrashort laser pulse-shape measurement, a tandem combination of autocorrelator and spectrum (FROG -- frequency resolved optical gating). The FROG trace of the optical replica of electron bunch gives accurate and rapid electron bunch shape measurements in a way similar to a femtosecond oscilloscope. Real-time single-shot measurements of the electron bunch structure could provide significant information about physical mechanisms responsible for generation ultrashort electron bunches in bunch compressors. The big advantage of proposed technique is that it can be used to determine the slice energy spread and emittance in multishot measurements. It is possible to measure bunch structure completely, that is to measure peak current, energy spread and transverse emittance as a function of time. We illustrate with numerical examples the potential of the proposed method for electron beam diagnostics at the European X-ray FEL.Comment: 41 pages, 18 figure

Conceptual design of the SPL II: A high-power superconducting H−H^- linac at CERN

An analysis of the revised physics needs and recent progress in the technology of superconducting RF cavities have led to major changes in the speci cation and in the design for a Superconducting Proton Linac (SPL) at CERN. Compared with the rst conceptual design report (CERN 2000012) the beam energy is almost doubled (3.5 GeV instead of 2.2 GeV), while the length of the linac is reduced by 40% and the repetition rate is reduced to 50 Hz. The basic beam power is at a level of 45MW and the approach chosen offers enough margins for upgrades. With this high beam power, the SPL can be the proton driver for an ISOL-type radioactive ion beam facility of the next generation (`EURISOL'), and for a neutrino facility based on superbeam C beta-beam or on muon decay in a storage ring (`neutrino factory'). The SPL can also replace the Linac2 and PS Booster in the low-energy part of the CERN proton accelerator complex, improving signi cantly the beam performance in terms of brightness and intensity for the bene t of all users including the LHC and its luminosity upgrade. Decommissioned LEP klystrons and RF equipment are used to provide RF power at a frequency of 352.2 MHz in the lowenergy part of the accelerator. Beyond 90 MeV, the RF frequency is doubled to take advantage of more compact normal-conducting accelerating structures up to an energy of 180 MeV. From there, state-ofthe- art, high-gradient, bulk-niobium superconducting cavities accelerate the beam up to its nal energy of 3.5 GeV. The overall design approach is presented, together with the progress that has been achieved since the publication of the rst conceptual design report