On Learning of Functions Refutably

Learning of recursive functions refutably informally means that for every recursive function, the learning machine has either to learn this function or to refute it, that is to signal that it is not able to learn it. Three modi of making precise the notion of refuting are considered. We show that the corresponding types of learning refutably are of strictly increasing power, where already the most stringent of them turns out to be of remarkable topological and algorithmical richness. Furthermore, all these types are closed under union, though in different strengths. Also, these types are shown to be different with respect to their intrinsic complexity; two of them do not contain function classes that are “most difficult” to learn, while the third one does. Moreover, we present several characterizations for these types of learning refutably. Some of these characterizations make clear where the refuting ability of the corresponding learning machines comes from and how it can be realized, in general.For learning with anomalies refutably, we show that several results from standard learning without refutation stand refutably. From this we derive some hierarchies for refutable learning. Finally, we prove that in general one cannot trade stricter refutability constraints for more liberal learning criteria

Learning Recursive Functions Refutably

Learning of recursive functions refutably means that for every recursive function, the learning machine has either to learn this function or to refute it, i.e., to signal that it is not able to learn it. Three modi of making precise the notion of refuting are considered. We show that the corresponding types of learning refutably are of strictly increasing power, where already the most stringent of them turns out to be of remarkable topological and algorithmical richness. All these types are closed under union, though in different strengths. Also, these types are shown to be different with respect to their intrinsic complexity; two of them do not contain function classes that are “most difficult” to learn, while the third one does. Moreover, we present characterizations for these types of learning refutably. Some of these characterizations make clear where the refuting ability of the corresponding learning machines comes from and how it can be realized, in general. For learning with anomalies refutably, we show that several results from standard learning without refutation stand refutably. Then we derive hierarchies for refutable learning. Finally, we show that stricter refutability constraints cannot be traded for more liberal learning criteria

On Reliability and Refutability in Nonconstructive Identification

Identification in the limit, originally due to Gold [Gold, Information and Control, 1967], is a widely used computation model for inductive inference and human language acquisition. We consider a nonconstructive extension to Gold\u27s model. Our current topic is the problem of applying the notions of reliability and refutability to nonconstructive identification. Four general identification situations are defined and two of them are studied. Thus some questions left open in [Kucevalovs, 2010] are now closed

Reflective inductive inference of recursive functions

AbstractIn this paper, we investigate reflective inductive inference of recursive functions. A reflective IIM is a learning machine that is additionally able to assess its own competence.First, we formalize reflective learning from arbitrary, and from canonical, example sequences. Here, we arrive at four different types of reflection: reflection in the limit, optimistic, pessimistic and exact reflection.Then, we compare the learning power of reflective IIMs with each other as well as with the one of standard IIMs for learning in the limit, for consistent learning of three different types, and for finite learning

Systematizing Gibsonian affordances in robotics: an empirical, generative approach derived from case studies in legged locomotion

A Gibsonian theory of affordances commits to direct perception and the mutuality of the agent-environment system. We argue that there already exists a research program in robotics which incorporates Gibsonian affordances. Controllers under this research program use information perceived directly from the environment with little or no further processing, and implicitly respect the indivisibility of the agentenvironment system. Research investigating the relationships between environmental and robot properties can be used to design reactive controllers that provably allow robots to take advantage of these affordances. We lay out key features of our empirical, generative Gibsonian approach and both show how it illuminates existing practice and suggest that it could be adopted to facilitate the systematic development of autonomous robots. We limit the scope of projects discussed here to legged robot systems but expect that applications can be found in other fields of robotics research. This paper was presented at the 2nd International Workshop on Computational Models of Affordances at ICRA 2019. For more information, see: Kod*la

The Coastal Monitor: Vol. 10 No. 2

Stephen J. Gould’s prophetic piece, “The Golden Rule: A Proper Scale for Our Environmental Crisis”, noted that, “Patience enjoys a long pedigree of favor”, which he elaborated, “usually involves a deep understanding of the fundamental principle… rarely grasped in daily life – the effects of scale.” Scientists observe changes incessantly, in dimensions and time, from microscopic conditions of cellular biology to the inconceivable distances of galaxies and their influences on Earth

Herald of Holiness Volume 01, Number 08 (1912)

Editorial 01 Inasmuch 02 Manifold Reproduction 02 A High and Holy Duty 02 A Paraphrase 03 Editor\u27s Survey The Open Parliament 05 Our Church Polity P. F. BRESEE 06 The Power of Caste P. B. BISWAS 06 Why Organize? W. M. WHITNEY 06 The Need of the Hour REV. F. J. THOMAS 06 Cyclone Incidents H. P. KlSTLER 06 Lacking Moisture REV. C. W. RUTH 07 Pastors, Push the Tithing System REV. C. E. CORNELL 07 Holiness Schools and Churches our Hope REV. C. A. IMHOFF 07 Will They Not Be Saved? LULU WILLlAMS 08 El Paso Mexican Mission MRS. M. McREYNOLDS The Hidden Life 08 Our Testimony Meeting Mother and Little Ones 09 When Things Are Asleep 09 He Didn\u27t Get Them To Give Up With 09 A Sermon on a Railroad Coach Among Our Colleges 10 Nazarene University 10 Pentecostal Collegiate Institute 11 Notes and Personals 11 Pittsburg District Assembly 11 The Work and the Workers 13 The Latest News by Telegraph 14 Obituaries 14 Missionary 15 Announcements 16 Our Sunday Schoolhttps://digitalcommons.olivet.edu/cotn_hoh/2820/thumbnail.jp

Cogitator : a parallel, fuzzy, database-driven expert system

The quest to build anthropomorphic machines has led researchers to focus on knowledge and the manipulation thereof. Recently, the expert system was proposed as a solution, working well in small, well understood domains. However these initial attempts highlighted the tedious process associated with building systems to display intelligence, the most notable being the Knowledge Acquisition Bottleneck. Attempts to circumvent this problem have led researchers to propose the use of machine learning databases as a source of knowledge. Attempts to utilise databases as sources of knowledge has led to the development Database-Driven Expert Systems. Furthermore, it has been ascertained that a requisite for intelligent systems is powerful computation. In response to these problems and proposals, a new type of database-driven expert system, Cogitator is proposed. It is shown to circumvent the Knowledge Acquisition Bottleneck and posess many other advantages over both traditional expert systems and connectionist systems, whilst having non-serious disadvantages.KMBT_22

동남아시아의 정치 생태학과 새로운 산림 보전 노력

학위논문 (석사) -- 서울대학교 대학원 : 사회과학대학 지리학과, 2021. 2. Edo Han Siu Andriesse.Deforestation has been increasingly dynamic in the tropical regions of Southeast Asia. Forests are known to many as assets for both rural communities and large companies. In response, concessions to logging practices have raged the region, reducing the size and diversity of forests. These practices have influenced ecological and socio-economic issues that have proven to be harmful to rural well-being. To contain these problems, environmentalists have explored forest management by initiating activities aimed at improving local adaptative capacity and the regulatory environment. Achieving this requires stakeholder participation, particularly of government officials, organizational members, and locals. These participations range from tree-planting activities to acquiring financial support. However, collaborative management contains challenges born from different demands of forest utilization. Within the conceptual framework of political ecology, each actor has their traditions and cultures based around forestry. Furthermore, as stakeholders carry varying levels of financial, political, and governing capacities, the different views and powers often pose an opening for “actor-to-actor” collisions. Nevertheless, to improve conservation it remains crucial to balance stakeholder demands and simultaneously to preserve the environment. To determine the intensity of collaboration and sustainability in conservation, this research examines various provinces in Cambodia, Indonesia, and Thailand. This study utilizes existing archival documents for Cambodia and Indonesia, while the empirical data for Thailand’s cases were gathered through semi-structured interviews with relevant actors. A total of 11 key-actor interviews were conducted in 2019 and 2020. The results in Thailand indicate that conservation provided efforts of decentralization while improving the trust between stakeholders. Cambodia and Indonesia, however, have experienced instances of lack of faith between state-industrial powers and villagers within the authoritarian environment. The principal implication for this study is the need for more effective negotiation to foster forest management and conservation.삼림 벌채 효과는 라틴 아메리카, 사하라 사막 이남 아프리카 및 동남아시아 지역에서 발판을 발견하면서 글로벌 사회에서 점점 더 분명해졌습니다. 환경 학술 문헌은 산림 양보를 줄이기위한 전략에 대한 수많은 토론을 제공했습니다. 그들은 삼림 벌채 문제를 해결하기위한 정책 중심의 대응을 위해 정부 관리 및 이해 관계자의 역량을 지시합니다. 이 연구는 동남아시아에서 실행된 보존 전략을 탐구합니다. 정치 생태학의 개념적 틀에서 산림은 지역 공동체의 귀중한 자산이며 국영 산업의 발전 잠재력이다. 각 요구에 부응하기 위해 보전 노력은 산림 사용에 대한 책임과 규정을 공유하기 위해 행위자 네트워킹을 장려합니다. 질적 방법론은 대규모 산림 보존 노력을 기울이고 있는 동남아시아 3 개 주요 국가를 조사하는 데 사용됩니다. 캄보디아와 인도네시아의 데이터는 보존 프로젝트에 대한 기존 기록 문서 사례에서 가져온 것입니다. 태국의 데이터는 2019 년과 2020 년 인터뷰의 이해 관계자 이야기를 기반으로 합니다. 보존 노력을 통해 직접 관여하거나 영향을 받은 행위자들과 총 11 건의 핵심 정보 인터뷰가 수행되었습니다. 보전 노력의 보편성에는 모든 유형의 행위자의 직간접 적 참여가 포함됩니다. 지역 사회를 위한 지속 가능하고 사회 경제적 역량을 구축하기 위해 많은 보존 프로젝트가 수립되었습니다. 이러한 업적을 달성하기 위해 보존 운동은 정부 기관, 경제 개발자, 비정부기구들 (NGOs) 및 지역 가정 간의 정치적 권력 차이를 해결합니다. 보존 접근법의 유형은 지리적 및 보존 설정에 따라 다릅니다. 이해 관계자가 다양한 수준의 재무 및 관리 능력을 보유하고 있기 때문에 이러한 차이는 종종 "관여자 대 행위자" 충돌의 여지가 됩니다. 보존 노력이 문제에 어떻게 적응하는지 이해하면 동남아시아의 정치 환경을 개선하는 데 잠재력이 높아집니다.Chapter 1. Introduction 1 1.1. Research introduction 1 1.2. Research subject 2 1.3. Research questions 3 1.4. Thesis structure and approach 3 1.5. Methods of study 4 1.6. Expected results 6 Chapter 2. Literature review 7 2.1. Political ecology and human geography 7 2.2. Political ecology and environmental degradation 12 2.3. Deforestation, local conflicts, and conservation 14 Chapter 3. Deforestation in Southeast Asia 20 3.1. Deforestation since 1970 20 3.2. Current drivers of deforestation in Cambodia, Indonesia, and Thailand 24 3.2.1. Population pressures 24 3.2.2. Agroforestry expansions 26 3.2.3. Road and developments 28 3.2.4. Illegal logging and demand for timbers 30 3.2.5. Summary of deforestation in Southeast Asia 31 3.3. Emerging conservation types 33 Chapter 4. Comparing conservation and actor conflicts in Cambodia and Indonesia 37 4.1. Methodology 37 4.2. Deforestation and local conflicts 38 4.2.1. Background on deforestation 40 4.2.2. Conflicts in response to deforestation 41 4.3. Conservation efforts: local and environmental security 44 4.3.1. Emergence of government-controlled conservation 44 4.3.2. NGOs and locally-based conservation efforts 49 4.3.3. Summary on conservation approaches 54 4.4. Intermediate outcome of conservation 55 4.4.1. Benefits from forest conservation 55 Decentralization benefits 56 4.4.2. Challenges of conservation 58 Governance issues 59 Collision within conservation efforts 62 4.5. Summary and remarks 64 Chapter 5. The political ecology of forest conservation in two specific Thai cases 66 5.1. Background and methodology 66 5.1.1. Characteristics of study methodology 68 5.2. Kanchanaburi; promotion for conservation 69 5.2.1.Effects of deforestation as perceived by the participants 70 5.2.2. Shifting for forest conservation 73 5.2.3. Initialization for local community participation 74 5.2.4. Role of third-party actors in conservation 76 5.3. Chiang Mai: how forest conservation remains productive 78 5.3.1. Cooperation in forest conservation 79 5.3.2. Conservation and cultural identity 81 5.3.3. Connectivity in forest conservation 83 5.4. Considerations on forest and local conditions in Thailand 84 5.4.1. General procedures for resolving forest use difference 84 5.4.2. Key results in conservation 89 5.4.3. Current issues and future implications of conservation 93 Chapter 6. Conclusion 96 6.1. Key findings and contributing factors 96 6.2. Further discussion and future researches 100 Bibliography 103 Abstract in Korean 118 Appendixes 119Maste