32 research outputs found

    Vol. 84, no. 2: Full Issue

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    Business Process Management: an investigation in Italian SMEs

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    Trademark and Unfair Competition Conflicts

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    This book will be of interest for all jurists doing research and working practically in intellectual property law and international economic law. It should be an element of the base stock for every law school library and specialized law firm. This title is available as Open Access

    The Proceedings of the 23rd Annual International Conference on Digital Government Research (DGO2022) Intelligent Technologies, Governments and Citizens June 15-17, 2022

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    The 23rd Annual International Conference on Digital Government Research theme is “Intelligent Technologies, Governments and Citizens”. Data and computational algorithms make systems smarter, but should result in smarter government and citizens. Intelligence and smartness affect all kinds of public values - such as fairness, inclusion, equity, transparency, privacy, security, trust, etc., and is not well-understood. These technologies provide immense opportunities and should be used in the light of public values. Society and technology co-evolve and we are looking for new ways to balance between them. Specifically, the conference aims to advance research and practice in this field. The keynotes, presentations, posters and workshops show that the conference theme is very well-chosen and more actual than ever. The challenges posed by new technology have underscored the need to grasp the potential. Digital government brings into focus the realization of public values to improve our society at all levels of government. The conference again shows the importance of the digital government society, which brings together scholars in this field. Dg.o 2022 is fully online and enables to connect to scholars and practitioners around the globe and facilitate global conversations and exchanges via the use of digital technologies. This conference is primarily a live conference for full engagement, keynotes, presentations of research papers, workshops, panels and posters and provides engaging exchange throughout the entire duration of the conference

    Tibetan Market Participation in China

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    Since the Chinese government began implementing economic reforms in the late 1970s, China has experienced profound economic change and growth. Like other parts of China, Tibetan areas of China have also experienced wide-ranging economic change with growth even higher than the China-wide average in certain years. Though China s strategic policy of developing the West provided many opportunities for economic and business activities, Tibetans have proven poorly equipped to respond to and take advantage of these opportunities. This study is about people, about market participation and specifically about why Tibetans do not effectively participate in the market in the context of China s economic development process. Many political, social, cultural and environmental factors explain the difficulties met by Tibetan communities. However, this study focuses on three factors: the social and culture context, government policy and education. The Buddhistic nature of Tibetan communities, particularly the political and economic system in traditional Tibetan society, explains this, especially after implementation of new national economic policies. An inclusive economic development policy that promotes local people s participation in the market demands serious consideration of local conditions. Unfortunately, such considerations often ignore local Tibetan realities. The economic development policy in Tibetan areas in China is nearly always an attempt to replicate the inland model and open up markets, even though economic and sociopolitical conditions in Tibet are markedly unlike much of China. A consequence of these policies is increasing numbers of non-Tibetan migrants flowing into Tibetan areas with the ensuing marginalization of Tibetans in the marketplace. Poor quality education is another factor contributing to Tibetan inability to effectively participate in the market. Vocational and business education targeting Tibetans is of very low quality and reflective of government failing to consider local circumstances when implementing education policy. The relatively few Tibetans who do receive education are nearly always unable to compete with non-Tibetan migrants in commercial activity. Encouraging and promoting Tibetan participation in business development and access to quality education are crucial for a sustainable and prosperous society in the long term. Particularly, a localized development policy that considers local environmental conditions and production as well as local culture is crucial. Tibet s economic development should be based on local environmental and production conditions, while utilizing Tibetan culture for the benefit of creating a sustainable economy. Such a localized approach best promotes Tibetan market participation. Keywords: Tibet cultural policy education market participationSen jÀlkeen, kun Kiinan kansantasavallan hallinto alkoi 1970-luvun lopulla toteuttaa talousuudistuksia maassaan, on taloudellinen muutos ja kasvu ollut syvÀllistÀ. Kuten Kiinan muissakin osissa, tiibetilÀisten asuttamilla alueilla on tapahtunut ajoittain jopa valtakunnallista keskiarvoa vahvempaa taloudellista kasvua. Kiinan strateginen ohjelma lÀnsiosiensa kehittÀmiseksi on luonut lisÀÀ mahdollisuuksia liiketoimintaan ja yrittÀmiseen nÀillÀ alueilla. TiibetilÀiset eivÀt itse kuitenkaan ole olleet kovin valmiita nÀiden mahdollisuuksien hyödyntÀmiseen. TÀmÀ tutkimuksen aiheena on ihmiset, heidÀn markkinoihin osallistumisensa ja erityisesti se, miksi tiibetilÀiset eivÀt pysty osallistumaan tehokkaasti Kiinan kasvaviin markkinoihin. Tutkimus keskittyy kolmeen nÀitÀ vaikeuksia selittÀvÀÀn tekijÀÀn: sosiaaliseen ja kulttuuriseen kontekstiin, hallituksen ajamaan politiikkaan sekÀ koulutukseen. Ongelman taustalla voidaan nÀhdÀ tiibetilÀisten yhteisöjen buddhalainen perusluonne sekÀ etenkin perinteisen tiibetilÀisen yhteiskunnan poliittinen ja taloudellinen jÀrjestelmÀ suhteessa keskushallinnon uusiin taloudellisiin linjauksiin. Vain paikalliset olosuhteet huomioiva talouspolitiikka voisi edistÀÀ paikallisen vÀestön osallistumista markkinoihin. Valitettavasti Kiinan taloudellinen kehityspolitiikka tiibetilÀisellÀ alueilla on yleensÀ vain yritys toistaa Kiinan ydinalueilla toteutettua mallia avaamalla markkinoita, vaikka Tiibetin taloudelliset ja sosiaalipoliittiset olosuhteet ovat merkittÀvÀsti erilaiset kuin varsinaisessa Kiinassa. NÀiden poliittisten toimenpiteiden seurauksena tiibetilÀisille alueille on saapunut yhÀ enemmÀn ei-tiibetilÀisiÀ siirtolaisia, mistÀ puolestaan on seurannut tiibetilÀisten marginaalistuminen markkinoilla. Toinen tekijÀ, joka vaikuttaa tiibetilÀisten heikkoon markkinoihin osallistumiseen, on matala koulutustaso. TiibetilÀisille suunnattu ammatillinen ja liiketaloudellinen koulutus on heikkolaatuista heijastaen hallinnon kyvyttömyyttÀ ottaa koulutuspolitiikassaan huomioon paikalliset olosuhteet. Ne harvat tiibetilÀiset, jotka koulutuksen piirissÀ ovat, eivÀt yleensÀ pysty kilpailemaan ei-tiibetilÀisten siirtolaisten kanssa kaupallisessa toiminnassa. KestÀvÀn kehityksen ja hyvinvoinnin kannalta olisi pitkÀllÀ aikavÀlillÀ tÀrkeÀÀ edistÀÀ tiibetilÀisten osallistumista liike-elÀmÀÀn. Paikallisolosuhteisiin sovellettu ja kulttuuritekijÀt huomioiva kehitysstrategia olisi ratkaisevan tÀrkeÀ. Tiibetin taloudellisen kehityksen tulisi perustua paikallisiin luonnonolosuhteisiin ja elinkeinorakenteeseen. Myös tiibetilÀisestÀ kulttuuriperinnöstÀ voitaisiin ottaa vaikutteita kestÀvÀn talouden luomiseen. TÀllainen lokalisoitu lÀhestymistapa parhaiten edistÀisi tiibetilÀisten osallistumista markkinoihin. Avainsanat: Tiibet, kulttuuripolitiikka, koulutus, markkinoihin osallistumine
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