Problem of Time in Quantum Gravity

The Problem of Time occurs because the `time' of GR and of ordinary Quantum Theory are mutually incompatible notions. This is problematic in trying to replace these two branches of physics with a single framework in situations in which the conditions of both apply, e.g. in black holes or in the very early universe. Emphasis in this Review is on the Problem of Time being multi-faceted and on the nature of each of the eight principal facets. Namely, the Frozen Formalism Problem, Configurational Relationalism Problem (formerly Sandwich Problem), Foliation Dependence Problem, Constraint Closure Problem (formerly Functional Evolution Problem), Multiple Choice Problem, Global Problem of Time, Problem of Beables (alias Problem of Observables) and Spacetime Reconstruction/Replacement Problem. Strategizing in this Review is not just centred about the Frozen Formalism Problem facet, but rather about each of the eight facets. Particular emphasis is placed upon A) relationalism as an underpinning of the facets and as a selector of particular strategies (especially a modification of Barbour relationalism, though also with some consideration of Rovelli relationalism). B) Classifying approaches by the full ordering in which they embrace constrain, quantize, find time/history and find observables, rather than only by partial orderings such as "Dirac-quantize". C) Foliation (in)dependence and Spacetime Reconstruction for a wide range of physical theories, strategizing centred about the Problem of Beables, the Patching Approach to the Global Problem of Time, and the role of the question-types considered in physics. D) The Halliwell- and Gambini-Porto-Pullin-type combined Strategies in the context of semiclassical quantum cosmology.Comment: Invited Review: 26 pages including 2 Figures. This v2 has a number of minor improvements and correction

Urban Agriculture

This book provides useful information about Urban Agriculture, which includes the production of crops in small to large lots, vertical production on walls, windows (window farms), rooftops (green roofs), urban gardens, farmer's markets, economic models of urban gardening, peri-urban agricultural systems, and spatial planning and evolution of the land uses. Additionally, this book elucidates further agricultural technologies, such as the aquaculture systems

McNair Scholars Research Journal Volume IV

https://commons.stmarytx.edu/msrj/1003/thumbnail.jp

McNair Scholars Research Journal Volume IV

https://commons.stmarytx.edu/msrj/1003/thumbnail.jp

Land readjustment process in urban design: project management approach

Thesis (Master)--Izmir Institute of Technology, City and Regional Planning, Izmir, 2004Includes bibliographical references (leaves: 233-241)Text in English; Abstract: Turkish and Englishxvii, 241 leavesLand readjustment is an essential tool used for the re-organization of urban areas. It aims to convert cadastral parcels into suitable forms of development plots for public and private use according to town planning requirements. Hence, land readjustment method maintains great opportunities to the solution of land-use problems in urban-fringe areas. In Turkey, "Article 18", which is a crucial necessity for planned urbanization, is the most effective land acquisition method used in many cases. Thus, as a rapid urbanizing country, the implementation pace of development plans should be parallel to urbanization pace in order to respond to increasing land demand. Should this pace be kept, necessary urban public areas for better urban life could be provided. From this point of view, project management, which is a vital instrument to control and coordinate a project from inception to completion, should be undoubtedly contemplated for the utilization of "Article 18" more efficiently and rapidly. Therefore, "Article 18" projects could be realized in the desired quality by keeping the balance among scope, time and cost. This study describes not only Turkish land readjustment procedures but also different land readjustment procedures used in various countries (i.e. Germany, France, Japan, Western Australia and etc), discusses the advantages & disadvantages and therefore puts forth the problems of these procedures. In this respect, this study consequently proposes two approaches for land readjustment process in Turkey; one of which is a project management approach to reduce the problems of existing .Article 18. process and the other is an alternative land readjustment process instead of "Article 18" by using project management concepts as well. At the end of the study, a case study for Uzundere District is carried out in order to validate the feasibility of project management approach. Keywords: Land Readjustment, "Article 18" of "Development Law" issued 3194, Project Management, Land Reallocation & Allotment, Urban Land Management

1907 - Annual Reports of Department of Interior for 1906 on Indian Affairs

Detailed report on the efforts by the US government to manage Indian affairs, educate the Indians, and legislation regarding the Indians. In part, issues covered relate to employees, farming, health, schools, specific tribes, irrigation, forestry, minerals, supplies, finances, and statistics.https://digitalcommons.csumb.edu/hornbeck_usa_2_e/1054/thumbnail.jp

Policing carbon markets

Carbon markets have emerged in recent decades as one of the most important tools for curbing industrial greenhouse gas emissions, but they present a number of novel enforcement challenges as compared to more conventional pollution regulations—new regulators with narrow authority, lack of legal precedent, and more. To shed light on the practical issues involved in policing carbon markets, we present the first comprehensive analysis of the EU Emissions Trading System, a single program that was policed by 31 different national regulators. We find generally high rates of compliance coupled with low rates of enforcement, a pattern that is known in the literature as ‘Harrington’s paradox.’ Variation in the probability and severity of fines explain just one tenth of the variation in compliance rates. Meanwhile, other enforcement strategies that have been pointed to as resolutions to Harrington’s paradox in other applications, such as ‘naming and shaming,’ appear to have had little discernible effect

Origins and development of representational systems in early childhood

It is argued in Chapters 1 to 4 that in cognitive psychology in general, and in the disciplines of language acquisition and cognitive development in particular, there is substantial benefit to be derived from distinguishing between two representational systems, one system being deployed in long-established or highly-practiced functions, and the second deployed in novel tasks, or where difficulties interrupt the first system. It is also argued that the proper subject of cognitive development is the second of these systems. Chapters 5 and 6 are concerned in different ways with the origins of language in the individual, in particular with the question of what innate knowledge of language might be justified. It is concluded that many questions regarding innate knowledge remain open, and that a source in human evolution for knowledge of language is no more likely than sources in individual or social development. In Chapter 7 it is argued that representational drawing emerges late in the 4th year of life, and some new techniques are described for studying early representational drawing. Following these treatments of external systems of representation, Chapter 8 offers a general developmental theory of forms of representation, extending Piaget's insight that mental representation is co-extensive with thought, and that the main axis of cognitive development is the content of thought and representation. Chapters 9 to 12 apply this theory to the representation of belief and desire, and of extrinsic and intrinsic qualities of objects, by 11/2 to 4 year-old children. Chapter 13 introduces a new method for analyzing the free classification task, a task sometimes used to assess children's ability to think about intrinsic qualities, and applies this method to various data sets. Chapter 14 applies these insights and results to the problem of characterizing concepts and concept development and favourably discusses the idea that more precise knowledge of this aspect of development may help to explain certain features of early language acquisition