17,234 research outputs found
Classical and relativistic long-term time variations of some observables for transiting exoplanets
We analytically work out the long-term, i.e. averaged over one orbital
revolution, time variations of some direct observable quantities Y induced by
classical and general relativistic dynamical perturbations of the two-body
pointlike Newtonian acceleration in the case of transiting exoplanets moving
along elliptic orbits. More specifically, the observables with which we
deal are the transit duration, the radial velocity and the time interval
between primary and secondary eclipses. The dynamical effects considered are
the centrifugal oblateness of both the star and the planet, their tidal bulges
mutually raised on each other, a distant third body X, and general relativity
(both Schwarzschild and Lense-Thirring). We take into account the effects due
to the perturbations of all the Keplerian orbital elements involved in a
consistent and uniform way. First, we explicitly compute their instantaneous
time variations due to the dynamical effects considered and plug them in the
general expression for the instantaneous change of Y; then, we take the overall
average over one orbital revolution of the so-obtained instantaneous rate specialized to the perturbations considered. Instead, somewhat hybrid
expressions can be often found in literature: in them, the secular precession
of, typically, the periastron only is straightforwardly inserted into
instantaneous formulas. Numerical evaluations of the obtained results are given
for a typical star-planet scenario and compared with the expected observational
accuracies over a time span 10 yr long. Our results are, in principle, valid
also for other astronomical scenarios. They may allow, e.g., for designing
various tests of gravitational theories with natural and artificial bodies in
our solar system. (Abridged)Comment: LaTex2e, 19 pages, 5 figures, 2 tables. Some references updated. To
appear in Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society (MNRAS
Lunar Outgassing, Transient Phenomena and The Return to The Moon, I: Existing Data
Herein the transient lunar phenomena (TLP) report database is subjected to a
discriminating statistical filter robust against sites of spurious reports, and
produces a restricted sample that may be largely reliable. This subset is
highly correlated geographically with the catalog of outgassing events seen by
the Apollo 15, 16 and Lunar Prospector alpha-particle spectrometers for
episodic Rn-222 gas release. Both this robust TLP sample and even the larger,
unfiltered sample are highly correlated with the boundary between mare and
highlands, as are both deep and shallow moonquakes, as well as Po-210, a
long-lived product of Rn-222 decay and a further tracer of outgassing. This
offers another significant correlation relating TLPs and outgassing, and may
tie some of this activity to sagging mare basalt plains (perhaps mascons).
Additionally, low-level but likely significant TLP activity is connected to
recent, major impact craters (while moonquakes are not), which may indicate the
effects of cracks caused by the impacts, or perhaps avalanches, allowing
release of gas. The majority of TLP (and Rn-222) activity, however, is confined
to one site that produced much of the basalt in the Procellarum Terrane, and it
seems plausible that this TLP activity may be tied to residual outgassing from
the formerly largest volcanic ffusion sites from the deep lunar interior. With
the coming in the next few years of robotic spacecraft followed by human
exploration, the study of TLPs and outgassing is both promising and imperiled.
We will have an unprecedented pportunity to study lunar outgassing, but will
also deal with a greater burden of anthropogenic lunar gas than ever produced.
There is a pressing need to study lunar atmosphere and its sources while still
pristine. [Abstract abridged.]Comment: 35 pages, 3 figures, submitted to Icarus. Other papers in series
found at http://www.astro.columbia.edu/~arlin/TLP
On the origin of X-shaped radio galaxies
After a brief, critical review of the leading explanations proposed for the
small but important subset of radio galaxies showing an X-shaped morphology
(XRGs) we propose a generalized model, based on the jet-shell interaction and
spin-flip hypotheses. The most popular scenarios for this intriguing phenomenon
invoke either hydrodynamical backflows and over-pressured cocoons or rapid jet
reorientations, presumably from the spin-flips of central engines following the
mergers of pairs of galaxies, each of which contains a supermassive black hole
(SMBH). We confront these models with a number of key observations and thus
argue that none of the models is capable of explaining the entire range of
salient observational properties of XRGs, although some of the arguments raised
in the literature against the spin-flip scenario are probably not tenable. We
then propose here a new scenario which also involves galactic mergers but would
allow the spin of the central engine to maintain its direction. Motivated by
the detailed multi-band observations of the nearest radio galaxy, Centaurus A,
this new model emphasizes the role of interactions between the jets and the
shells of stars and gas that form and rotate around the merged galaxy and can
cause temporary deflections of the jets, occasionally giving rise to an
X-shaped radio structure. Although each of the models is likely to be relevant
to a subset of XRGs, the bulk of the evidence indicates that most of them are
best explained by the jet-shell interaction or spin-flip hypotheses.Comment: 19 pages, major revision including two Appendices and a Table,
accepted in Research in Astronomy and Astrophysic
Quaternary volcanism, tephras, and tephra-derived soils in New Zealand: an introductory review
This two-part article comprises brief introductions to (1) volcanism and its products in general and to the broad pattern of Quaternary volcanism and tephrostratigraphy in North Island, and (2) the ensuing tephra-derived soils of North Island. Part 1 derives mainly from Smith et al. (2006), Leonard et al. (2007), and Lowe (2008a). Other useful reviews include those of Neall (2001), Graham (2008: Chapter 7), Wilson et al. (2009), and Cole et al. (2010). Recent reviews on tephras include Shane (2000), Alloway et al. (2007), Lowe (2008b, 2011), and Lowe et al. (2008a, 2008b). A history of tephra studies in New Zealand was reported by Lowe (1990). Part 2 describes the distribution and character of the main tephra-derived soils, these being Entisols and Andisols (mostly Vitrands and Udands) and Ultisols (Lowe and Palmer, 2005). Books on these and other soils in New Zealand include NZ Soil Bureau (1968), Gibbs (1980), McLaren and Cameron (1996), Cornforth (1998), and Molloy and Christie (1998). An excellent overview is the web-based article by Hewitt (2008), and encyclopaedic reviews by Neall (2006) and McDaniel et al. (2011) include New Zealand examples. Tonkin (2007a, 2007b, 2007c) provided a history of soil survey and soil conservation activities in New Zealand. A quantitatively-based classification of New Zealandâs terrestrial environments was published by Leathwick et al. (2003)
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