The Habitable Exoplanet Observatory (HabEx) Mission Concept Study Final Report

The Habitable Exoplanet Observatory, or HabEx, has been designed to be the Great Observatory of the 2030s. For the first time in human history, technologies have matured sufficiently to enable an affordable space-based telescope mission capable of discovering and characterizing Earthlike planets orbiting nearby bright sunlike stars in order to search for signs of habitability and biosignatures. Such a mission can also be equipped with instrumentation that will enable broad and exciting general astrophysics and planetary science not possible from current or planned facilities. HabEx is a space telescope with unique imaging and multi-object spectroscopic capabilities at wavelengths ranging from ultraviolet (UV) to near-IR. These capabilities allow for a broad suite of compelling science that cuts across the entire NASA astrophysics portfolio. HabEx has three primary science goals: (1) Seek out nearby worlds and explore their habitability; (2) Map out nearby planetary systems and understand the diversity of the worlds they contain; (3) Enable new explorations of astrophysical systems from our own solar system to external galaxies by extending our reach in the UV through near-IR. This Great Observatory science will be selected through a competed GO program, and will account for about 50% of the HabEx primary mission. The preferred HabEx architecture is a 4m, monolithic, off-axis telescope that is diffraction-limited at 0.4 microns and is in an L2 orbit. HabEx employs two starlight suppression systems: a coronagraph and a starshade, each with their own dedicated instrument

The Habitable Exoplanet Observatory (HabEx) Mission Concept Study Final Report

The Habitable Exoplanet Observatory, or HabEx, has been designed to be the Great Observatory of the 2030s. For the first time in human history, technologies have matured sufficiently to enable an affordable space-based telescope mission capable of discovering and characterizing Earthlike planets orbiting nearby bright sunlike stars in order to search for signs of habitability and biosignatures. Such a mission can also be equipped with instrumentation that will enable broad and exciting general astrophysics and planetary science not possible from current or planned facilities. HabEx is a space telescope with unique imaging and multi-object spectroscopic capabilities at wavelengths ranging from ultraviolet (UV) to near-IR. These capabilities allow for a broad suite of compelling science that cuts across the entire NASA astrophysics portfolio. HabEx has three primary science goals: (1) Seek out nearby worlds and explore their habitability; (2) Map out nearby planetary systems and understand the diversity of the worlds they contain; (3) Enable new explorations of astrophysical systems from our own solar system to external galaxies by extending our reach in the UV through near-IR. This Great Observatory science will be selected through a competed GO program, and will account for about 50% of the HabEx primary mission. The preferred HabEx architecture is a 4m, monolithic, off-axis telescope that is diffraction-limited at 0.4 microns and is in an L2 orbit. HabEx employs two starlight suppression systems: a coronagraph and a starshade, each with their own dedicated instrument.Comment: Full report: 498 pages. Executive Summary: 14 pages. More information about HabEx can be found here: https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/habex

Basketmaker II Warfare and Fending Sticks in the North American Southwest

Direct physical evidence and rock art, including head skin trophies, indicate that violence linked to warfare was prevalent among the preceramic farmers of the North American Southwest known as Basketmakers. The degree of intergroup conflict indicates that Basketmakers may have needed defense against atlatl darts. In the early 1900s archaeologists suggested that distinctive wooden artifacts served this purpose. Despite resembling Puebloan rabbit sticks, the first to report these S-shaped and flattened sticks with longitudinal facial grooves thought that hunting was not their purpose. Yet the sticks appear singularly inadequate for the task of atlatl dart defense. I evaluate the suggested function of these artifacts and their relationship to warfare in Basketmaker II society. I consider multiple lines of evidence to analyze stick function: ethnography, experiments, use-wear, bioarchaeological markers of violence, and prehistoric art. I conducted a detailed analysis of almost 500 prehistoric flat curved sticks and radiocarbon dated 63 of them. Some of the documented variation in this artifact class is geographically patterned, likely based on learning networks, but dating reveals that much of it is linked to an evident shift in tool function. The sticks become more like ethnographic rabbit sticks through time and exhibit a corresponding increase in traces of such a use. Yet, there are those with damage that seems indicative of atlatl dart defense. My experiments showed that a defender can knock aside atlatl darts from close range with these sticks. Some tribes in South America perform a similar feat in a duel-like context and Diego de Landa may have observed an analogous ritual in the 1500s among the Yucatec Maya. The fending hypothesis is most logical in a duel. Many of the analyzed prehistoric sticks come from a known Puebloan war god shrine in central New Mexico, where an informant identified one as symbol of membership in a warrior society. In addition to prowess as a man killer, war society membership in the distant past might have involved atlatl duels where dart defense with a stick displayed great skill and courage. Basketmakers may have considered S-shaped sticks as an ancient symbol of warrior status

Interaktive Suchprozesse in komplexen Arbeitssituationen - Ein Retrieval Framework

In recent years a steady increase of information produced in organizations can be noticed. In order to stay competitive, companies have a growing interest in reusing existing knowledge from past projects. Furthermore, a complete picture of the available information is necessary to be able to make informed decisions. The variety and complexity of information in modern organizations often exceeds the capabilities of the currently deployed enterprise search solutions. The reasons for that are manifold and range from non-linked information from multiple software systems to missing functionality to support users during search tasks. Existing search engines often do not support the search paradigms necessary in these environments. On many occasions, users are not aware of the results they will find during the formulation of the search queries. Additionally, the aspect of knowledge building and the identification of new insights into the available data is a priority for the users. Therefore, search paradigms are useful to provide users with tools that support exploratory navigation in a data set and help them to recognize relationships between search results. The goal of this publication is the introduction of a framework that supports exploratory searches in an organizational setting. The described LFRP-framework is built on top of four pillars. 1. The multi-layer functionality allows users to formulate complex search queries referring to more than one result type. Therewith, it enables search queries that - starting from a set of relevant projects - allow selections of documents that are linked to these projects. 2. The search paradigm of faceted searching supports users in formulating search queries incrementally by offering dynamic and valid filter criteria that avoid empty result sets. 3. By combining the concept of faceted search with the capability to influence the search result order based on filter criteria, users can define in a fine-grained way which criteria values shall be weighted stronger or weaker in the search results. The interaction with the ranking is conducted transparently by the so-called user preference functions. 4. The last pillar consists of the visualization type of parallel coordinates covering two tasks in the search user interface of the LFRP-Framework. On the one hand, users formulate their search queries solely graphically in the parallel coordinates and on the other hand they obtain a visual representation of the search results and are able to discover relationships between search results and their facets. The framework is introduced formally from a query model point of view as well as a prototypical implementation. It enables users to access large linked data sets by navigation and constitutes a contribution to a comprehensive information strategy for organizations.Seit einigen Jahren ist ein stetiges Ansteigen der Menge an Informationen, die in Unternehmen erzeugt werden, festzustellen. Um als Unternehmen wettbewerbsfähig zu bleiben, ist es notwendig, vorhandenes Wissen wiederzuverwenden, um aus vergangenen Projektergebnissen profitieren zu können. Weiterhin ist ein vollständiges Informationsbild unabdingbar, um informierte Entscheidungen treffen zu können. Die Informationsvielfalt in modernen Unternehmen übersteigt häufig die Fähigkeiten aktuell anzutreffender unternehmensweiter Suchlösungen. Die Gründe hierfür sind vielfältig und reichen von nicht verknüpften Informationen aus verschiedenen Softwaresystemen bis hin zu fehlenden Funktionen, um den Nutzer bei der Suche zu unterstützen. Vorhandene Suchfunktionen im Unternehmen unterstützen häufig nicht die Suchparadigmen, die in diesem Umfeld notwendig sind. Vielfach ist den Suchenden bei der Formulierung ihrer Suchanfrage nicht bekannt, welche Ergebnisse sie finden werden. Stattdessen steht der Aspekt des Wissensaufbaus und der Gewinnung neuer Einsichten in den vorhandenen Daten im Vordergrund. Hierzu werden Suchparadigmen benötigt, die dem Nutzer Werkzeuge zur Verfügung stellen, die ein exploratives Navigieren im Datenbestand erlauben und ihnen bei der Erkennung von Zusammenhängen in den Suchergebnissen unterstützen. Das Ziel dieser Arbeit ist die Vorstellung eines Rahmenwerks, dass explorative Suchvorhaben im Unternehmensumfeld unterstützt. Das beschriebene LFRP-Framework baut auf vier Säulen auf. 1. Die Multi-Layer Funktionalität erlaubt es Nutzern, komplexe Suchanfragen zu formulieren, die sich auf mehr als einen Ergebnistyp beziehen. Dies ermöglicht beispielsweise Suchabfragen, die - ausgehend von einer Menge von relevanten vergangenen Projekten - Selektionen auf den dazugehörigen Dokumenten erlauben. 2. Das Suchparadigma der facettierten Suche unterstützt Nutzer bei der inkrementellen Formulierung von Suchanfragen mithilfe von dynamisch angebotenen Filterkriterien und vermeidet leere Ergebnismengen durch die Bereitstellung gültiger Filterkriterien. 3. Die Erweiterung der facettierten Suche um die Möglichkeit, die Suchergebnisreihenfolge basierend auf Filterkriterien zu beeinflussen, erlaubt es Nutzern feingranular vorzugeben, welche Kriterienausprägungen im Suchergebnis stärker gewichtet werden sollen. Für den Nutzer geschieht die Beeinflussung des Rankings transparent über sogenannte Nutzerpräferenzfunktionen. 4. Die letzte Säule umfasst die Visualisierung der parallelen Koordinaten, die in der Suchoberfläche des LFRP-Frameworks zwei Aufgaben übernimmt. Zum einen formuliert der Nutzer damit die Suchanfrage ausschließlich grafisch über die Visualisierung und zum anderen erhält er eine grafische Repräsentation der Suchergebnisse und kann so leichter Beziehungen zwischen Suchergebnissen und deren Facetten erkennen. Das Framework, welches in dieser Arbeit formal aus Sicht des Anfragemodells sowie als prototypische Umsetzung betrachtet wird, ermöglicht Nutzern den navigierenden Zugriff auf große vernetze Datenbestände und stellt einen Baustein einer umfassenden Informationsstrategie für Unternehmen dar

The Siouan Project: Seasons I and II

Book No. 1, Research Laboratories of Archaeology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. Publications in this series by the RLA contain research syntheses, public outreach projects, and other comprehensive studies. SENSITIVE CONTENT: This report contains photographs of human remains

Literature review of the remote sensing of natural resources

A bibliography is presented concerning remote sensing techniques. Abstracts of recent periodicals are included along with author, and keyword indexes

The Legal, Administrative and Managing Framework for Spatial Policy, Planning and Land-Use. Interdependence, Barriers and Directions of Change

The book aims to explore the legal and administrative aspects of spatial governance and the challenges that their interaction entails. It does this through a number of chapters focusing on case studies located in different geographical areas of Europe and beyond. By doing this, the editors shed light on a set of challenges that emerge around the world at the intersection between the legal and administrative spheres during the governance and planning of territorial phenomena. The issues addressed in the various chapters highlight how spatial planning activities continue to face serious challenges that have not yet been satisfactorily addressed. In more detail, a correlation emerges between the legal regulations that allow and shape spatial-planning activities and the socio-economic and territorial challenges that those activities should tackle. This is often a consequence of the path-dependent influence of the traditional administrative and spatial planning configuration, which presents an inertial resistance to change that is hard to overcome. A similar situation arises concerning the mismatch between the boundaries of the existing administrative units and the extent of territorial phenomena, with a system of judicial–territorial administration that does not always coincide with the boundaries of the fundamental administrative division of a country, leading to an overall deterioration of the conditions in which all actors involved in spatial development operate

Publications of Goddard Space Flight Center, 1964. Volume I - Space sciences

This publication is a collection of articles, papers, talks, and reports generated by the scientific and engineering staff of Goddard Space Flight Center in the year 1964. Many of these articles were originally published in scientific or engineering Journals or as official NASA technical publications, while other are documents of a more informal nature. All are reprinted here as nearly verbatim as typography and format will permit. These articles are grouped into broad subject categories, but no detailed subdivision has been made. Within each category, the articles are arranged alphabetically by author. An overall author index is given in the back of the volume. The years 1963, 1964, and 1965 are being published as whole-year issues, and the resulting size dictates the use of two volumes; the first volume is titled Space Sciences, and the second Space Technology. It is anticipated, however, that future issues will be quarterly single volumes

Report of the Commissioner of Indian Affairs, 1886

Annual Message to Congress with Documents; Pres. Cleveland. 6 Dec. HED 1, 49-2, vl-12, 11440p. [2460-2471] Surrender of hostile Apaches under the leadership of Geronimo; recommends general legislation calling for allotment of Indian lands in severalty; land title issues involving railroads and settler encroachment need legislative action; annual report of the Sec. of War (Serials 2461-2465); annual report of the Sec. of Interior (Serials 2467-24 70): annual report of the Gen . Land Office (Serial 2468); annual report of the CIA (Serial 2467