63 research outputs found

    Synthesis and Analysis of Petri Nets from Causal Specifications

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    Petri nets are one of the most prominent system-level formalisms for the specification of causality in concurrent, distributed, or multi-agent systems. This formalism is abstract enough to be analyzed using theoretical tools, and at the same time, concrete enough to eliminate ambiguities that would arise at implementation level. One interesting feature of Petri nets is that they can be studied from the point of view of true concurrency, where causal scenarios are specified using partial orders, instead of approaches based on interleaving. On the other hand, message sequence chart (MSC) languages, are a standard formalism for the specification of causality from a purely behavioral perspective. In other words, this formalism specifies a set of causal scenarios between actions of a system, without providing any implementation-level details about the system. In this work, we establish several new connections between MSC languages and Petri nets, and show that several computational problems involving these formalisms are decidable. Our results fill some gaps in the literature that had been open for several years. To obtain our results we develop new techniques in the realm of slice automata theory, a framework introduced one decade ago in the study of the partial order behavior of bounded Petri nets. These techniques can also be applied to establish connections between Petri nets and other well studied behavioral formalisms, such as the notion of Mazurkiewicz trace languages.publishedVersio

    A framework for pathologies of message sequence charts

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    This is the post-print version of the final paper published in Information Software and Technology. The published article is available from the link below. Changes resulting from the publishing process, such as peer review, editing, corrections, structural formatting, and other quality control mechanisms may not be reflected in this document. Changes may have been made to this work since it was submitted for publication. Copyright @ 2012 Elsevier B.V.Context - It is known that a Message Sequence Chart (MSC) specification can contain different types of pathology. However, definitions of different types of pathology and the problems caused by pathologies are unclear, let alone the relationships between them. In this circumstance, it can be problematic for software engineers to accurately predict the possible problems that may exist in implementations of MSC specifications and to trace back to the design problems in MSC specifications from the observed problems of an implementation. Objective - We focus on generating a clearer view on MSC pathologies and building formal relationships between pathologies and the problems that they may cause. Method - By concentrating on the problems caused by pathologies, a categorisation of problems that a distributed system may suffer is first introduced. We investigate the different types of problems and map them to categories of pathologies. Thus, existing concepts related to pathology are refined and necessary concepts in the pathology framework are identified. Finally, we formally prove the relationships between the concepts in the framework. Results - A pathology framework is established as desired based on a restriction that considers problematic scenarios with a single undesirable event. In this framework, we define disjoint categories of both pathologies and the problems caused; the identified types of pathology are successfully mapped to the problems that they may cause. Conclusion - The framework achieved in this paper introduces taxonomies into and clarifies relationships between concepts in research on MSC pathologies. The taxonomies and relationships in the framework can help software engineers to predict problems and verify MSC specifications. The single undesirable event restriction not only enables a categorisation of pathological scenarios, but also has the potential practical benefit that a software engineer can concentrate on key problematic scenarios. This may make it easier to either remove pathologies from an MSC specification MM or test an implementation developed from MM for potential problems resulting from such pathologies

    Annotated transition systems for verifying concurrent programs

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    IST Austria Thesis

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    This dissertation focuses on algorithmic aspects of program verification, and presents modeling and complexity advances on several problems related to the static analysis of programs, the stateless model checking of concurrent programs, and the competitive analysis of real-time scheduling algorithms. Our contributions can be broadly grouped into five categories. Our first contribution is a set of new algorithms and data structures for the quantitative and data-flow analysis of programs, based on the graph-theoretic notion of treewidth. It has been observed that the control-flow graphs of typical programs have special structure, and are characterized as graphs of small treewidth. We utilize this structural property to provide faster algorithms for the quantitative and data-flow analysis of recursive and concurrent programs. In most cases we make an algebraic treatment of the considered problem, where several interesting analyses, such as the reachability, shortest path, and certain kind of data-flow analysis problems follow as special cases. We exploit the constant-treewidth property to obtain algorithmic improvements for on-demand versions of the problems, and provide data structures with various tradeoffs between the resources spent in the preprocessing and querying phase. We also improve on the algorithmic complexity of quantitative problems outside the algebraic path framework, namely of the minimum mean-payoff, minimum ratio, and minimum initial credit for energy problems. Our second contribution is a set of algorithms for Dyck reachability with applications to data-dependence analysis and alias analysis. In particular, we develop an optimal algorithm for Dyck reachability on bidirected graphs, which are ubiquitous in context-insensitive, field-sensitive points-to analysis. Additionally, we develop an efficient algorithm for context-sensitive data-dependence analysis via Dyck reachability, where the task is to obtain analysis summaries of library code in the presence of callbacks. Our algorithm preprocesses libraries in almost linear time, after which the contribution of the library in the complexity of the client analysis is (i)~linear in the number of call sites and (ii)~only logarithmic in the size of the whole library, as opposed to linear in the size of the whole library. Finally, we prove that Dyck reachability is Boolean Matrix Multiplication-hard in general, and the hardness also holds for graphs of constant treewidth. This hardness result strongly indicates that there exist no combinatorial algorithms for Dyck reachability with truly subcubic complexity. Our third contribution is the formalization and algorithmic treatment of the Quantitative Interprocedural Analysis framework. In this framework, the transitions of a recursive program are annotated as good, bad or neutral, and receive a weight which measures the magnitude of their respective effect. The Quantitative Interprocedural Analysis problem asks to determine whether there exists an infinite run of the program where the long-run ratio of the bad weights over the good weights is above a given threshold. We illustrate how several quantitative problems related to static analysis of recursive programs can be instantiated in this framework, and present some case studies to this direction. Our fourth contribution is a new dynamic partial-order reduction for the stateless model checking of concurrent programs. Traditional approaches rely on the standard Mazurkiewicz equivalence between traces, by means of partitioning the trace space into equivalence classes, and attempting to explore a few representatives from each class. We present a new dynamic partial-order reduction method called the Data-centric Partial Order Reduction (DC-DPOR). Our algorithm is based on a new equivalence between traces, called the observation equivalence. DC-DPOR explores a coarser partitioning of the trace space than any exploration method based on the standard Mazurkiewicz equivalence. Depending on the program, the new partitioning can be even exponentially coarser. Additionally, DC-DPOR spends only polynomial time in each explored class. Our fifth contribution is the use of automata and game-theoretic verification techniques in the competitive analysis and synthesis of real-time scheduling algorithms for firm-deadline tasks. On the analysis side, we leverage automata on infinite words to compute the competitive ratio of real-time schedulers subject to various environmental constraints. On the synthesis side, we introduce a new instance of two-player mean-payoff partial-information games, and show how the synthesis of an optimal real-time scheduler can be reduced to computing winning strategies in this new type of games

    Computer Aided Verification

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    This open access two-volume set LNCS 13371 and 13372 constitutes the refereed proceedings of the 34rd International Conference on Computer Aided Verification, CAV 2022, which was held in Haifa, Israel, in August 2022. The 40 full papers presented together with 9 tool papers and 2 case studies were carefully reviewed and selected from 209 submissions. The papers were organized in the following topical sections: Part I: Invited papers; formal methods for probabilistic programs; formal methods for neural networks; software Verification and model checking; hyperproperties and security; formal methods for hardware, cyber-physical, and hybrid systems. Part II: Probabilistic techniques; automata and logic; deductive verification and decision procedures; machine learning; synthesis and concurrency. This is an open access book

    Combating state explosion in the detection of dynamic properties of distributed computations

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    In the context of asynchronous distributed systems, many important applications depend on the ability to check that all observations of the execution of a distributed program, or distributed computation, satisfy a desired (or undesired) temporal evolution of states, or dynamic property. Examples include the implementation of distributed algorithms, automated testing via oracles, debugging, and building fault-tolerant applications through exception detection and handling. When a distributed program exhibits a high degree of concurrency, the number of possible observations of an execution can grow exponentially, quickly leading to an explosion in the amount of space and time required to check a dynamic property. In the worst case, detection of such properties may be defeated. This is the run-time counterpart of the well-known state explosion problem studied in model checking. In this thesis, we study the problem of state explosion as it arises in the detection of dynamic properties. In particular, we consider the potential of applying well-known techniques for dealing with state explosion from model checking to the case of dynamic property detection. Significant semantic similarities between the two problems means that there is great potential for deriving techniques for dealing with state explosion in dynamic property detection based on existing model checking techniques. However, differences between the contexts in which model checking and dynamic property detection take place mean that not all approaches to dealing with state explosion in model checking may carryover to the run-time case. We investigate these similarities and differences and provide the development and analysis of two approaches for combating state explosion in dynamic property detection based on model checking methods: on-the-fly automata theoretic model checking, and partial order reduction.EThOS - Electronic Theses Online ServiceGBUnited Kingdo

    Integration of analysis techniques in security and fault-tolerance

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    This thesis focuses on the study of integration of formal methodologies in security protocol analysis and fault-tolerance analysis. The research is developed in two different directions: interdisciplinary and intra-disciplinary. In the former, we look for a beneficial interaction between strategies of analysis in security protocols and fault-tolerance; in the latter, we search for connections among different approaches of analysis within the security area. In the following we summarize the main results of the research
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