457,939 research outputs found
Information Technology, Organizational Form, and Transition to the Market
The paper reviews theories of information technology adoption and organizational form and applies them to an empirical analysis of firm choices and characteristics in four transition economies: the Czech Republic, Hungary, Romania, and Slovakia. We argue that these economies have gone through two major structural changes-one concerning new technology and another concerning ownership and boundaries of firms-and we consider if and how each one of the two structural changes has affected the other. We test the impact of firm size, integration, and ownership on the extent of new information technology adoption (measured by growth in the fraction of employees using personal computers or computer-controlled machinery), and the impact of information technology on changes in the boundaries and the ownership structure of enterprises, drawing upon a sample survey of 330 firms.transition, economy, Earle, technology, organizational, form, Pagano, Lesi, Upjohn
The Effect of Adjustment Costs and Organizational Change on Productivity in Canada: Evidence from Aggregate Data
A basic neoclassical model of production is often used to assess the contribution of investment to output growth. In the model, investment raises the capital stock and output growth increases in proportion to the growth in capital. It has been argued, however, that computers, as a "general purpose technology," lead to process innovations and facilitate organizational coinvestments. Since there may be a learning period before firms realize the full potential of the new technology and begin to implement new processes, there may be a lag between the growth in investment and its benefits. In fact, during periods of rapid adoption of new technologies and equipment, firms may incur adjustment costs and struggle to maintain previous levels of output. Using aggregate annual Canadian data from 1961 to 2001, the author explores the magnitude of the effect that investment in new technology, in the form of new computer hardware, can have on output growth. He finds that such investment has a positive effect on output growth that cannot be explained by growth in inputs. This effect, however, is not instantaneous and is strongest only three years after the initial investment. Furthermore, the author's findings suggest that the effect of computer hardware investment has grown over time.Productivity
ICT PENETRATION AND AGGREGATE PRODUCTION EFFICIENCY: EMPIRICAL EVIDENCE FOR A CROSS-SECTION OF FIFTY COUNTRIES
This study investigates the impact of telecommunications penetration on the aggregate production efficiency in a large cross-section of fifty countries. We show that higher levels of ICT capital stock penetration increase technical efficiency levels in the aggregate production function. However, depending on the geographical location the effects of ICT penetration are different. Our empirical findings suggest that increasing the per capita telecommunications capital in the form of land line and mobile telephones, computers, Internet access and the like is likely to considerably increase productive efficiency in case of the poorest nations, while in the more developed countries such gains have been largely exhausted. In the end we offer several avenues for more research based on the caveats discovered while working on this studyeconomic growth, technical efficiency, telecommunications investment
ICT Penetration and Aggregate Production Efficiency: Empirical Evidence for a Cross-Section of Fifty Countries
This study investigates the impact of telecommunications penetration on the aggregate production efficiency in a large cross-section of fifty countries. We show that higher levels of ICT capital stock penetration increase technical efficiency levels in the aggregate production function. However, depending on the geographical location the effects of ICT penetration are different. Our empirical findings suggest that increasing the per capita telecommunications capital in the form of land line and mobile telephones, computers, Internet access and the like is likely to considerably increase productive efficiency in case of the poorest nations, while in the more developed countries such gains have been largely exhausted. In the end we offer several avenues for more research based on the caveats discovered while working on this study.economic growth; technical efficiency; telecommunications investment
The SAGE Encyclopedia of Online Education: E-Books
Online education, both by for-profit institutions and within traditional universities, has seen recent tremendous growth and appeal - but online education has many aspects that are not well understood. The SAGE Encyclopedia of Online Education provides a thorough and engaging reference on all aspects of this field, from the theoretical dimensions of teaching online to the technological aspects of implementing online courses–with a central focus on the effective education of students.This entry focuses on E-books: An e-book is a book-length text document in digital form that is formatted to be read on electronic screens such as e-readers, computers, tablets, and mobile phones
Information technology in India
Includes bibliographical references.It was in my knowledge that India always possessed a large pool of technical talent within itself, which was comparable to world standards. A question that I always dwelled over was that, even though India was one of the giants in Software development, what were the underlying reasons for not implementing Software technology within it's own business settings? The engine behind the growth of the IT industry in India has been software exports. This industry has been growing at an annual rate of30% since 1988. There are no signs of abatement in that growth rate. There are an abundance of software programmers and skilled management personnel in India and this would attract more international companies to form tie-ups. Computers in India have a longer life period compared to developed countries. Due to the low cost of maintenance and high cost of new hardware, Indians tend to use computers for many years. The crucial advantage for India will be ability to leap frog over many intermediate technologies and use the latest. The high cost of hardware forces programmers to develop cost-effective and efficient programs that get the best out of the machines. Adaptability is an essential part of Indian culture; hence, there should not be any cultural factors that could inhibit the growth of information technology. Companies have been reluctant to pursue the massive domestic market, choosing instead to pursue established international markets for Information Technology. Another potential problem within the Indian software sector is the shift from an emphasis on programmers to a need for higher-level skilled personnel. There is a need for quality analysts able to understand and decide what a business is all about and how to best represent it in computing terms. Furthermore, it can be said that programming is incidental and routine and will soon be performed by computers using programming generators. Lastly, there seems to be an overemphasis on software product and an under-emphasis on the software development process, where primitive design and old production techniques are still being used. The current growth patterns of the industry are truly remarkable, and the industry's strengths by far outweigh its weaknesses. As long as software companies manage their growth effectively and apply their resources to further develop and nurture the developing domestic market, they may be poised to claim first place in the global software industry.B.S. (Bachelor of Science
Quantum dots for photonic quantum information technology
The generation, manipulation, storage, and detection of single photons play a
central role in emerging photonic quantum information technology. Individual
photons serve as flying qubits and transmit the quantum information at high
speed and with low losses, for example between individual nodes of quantum
networks. Due to the laws of quantum mechanics, quantum communication is
fundamentally tap-proof, which explains the enormous interest in this modern
information technology. On the other hand, stationary qubits or photonic states
in quantum computers can potentially lead to enormous increases in performance
through parallel data processing, to outperform classical computers in specific
tasks when quantum advantage is achieved. Here, we discuss in depth the great
potential of quantum dots (QDs) in photonic quantum information technology. In
this context, QDs form a key resource for the implementation of quantum
communication networks and photonic quantum computers because they can generate
single photons on-demand. Moreover, QDs are compatible with the mature
semiconductor technology, so that they can be integrated comparatively easily
into nanophotonic structures, which form the basis for quantum light sources
and integrated photonic quantum circuits. After a thematic introduction, we
present modern numerical methods and theoretical approaches to device design
and the physical description of quantum dot devices. We then present modern
methods and technical solutions for the epitaxial growth and for the
deterministic nanoprocessing of quantum devices based on QDs. Furthermore, we
present the most promising concepts for quantum light sources and photonic
quantum circuits that include single QDs as active elements and discuss
applications of these novel devices in photonic quantum information technology.
We close with an overview of open issues and an outlook on future developments.Comment: Copyright 2023 Optica Publishing Group. One print or electronic copy
may be made for personal use only. Systematic reproduction and distribution,
duplication of any material in this paper for a fee or for commercial
purposes, or modifications of the content of this paper are prohibite
Information Technology, Organizational Form, and Transition to the Market
The paper reviews theories of information technology adoption and organizational form and applies them to an empirical analysis of firm choices and characteristics in four transition economies: Czech Republic, Hungary, Romania, and Slovakia. We argue that these economies have gone through two major structural changes – one concerning technology and another concerning ownership and boundaries of firms – and we consider if and how each of the two structural changes has affected the other. We test the impact of firm size, integration, and ownership on the extent of new information technology adoption (measured by growth in the fraction of employees using personal computers or computer controlled machinery), and the impact of information technology on changes in the boundaries and the ownership structure of enterprises, drawing upon a sample survey of 330 firms
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