2,525 research outputs found

    The quest for effective regulatory enforcement:A goal-displacement perspective

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    The relationship between environmental statistics and predictive gaze behaviour during a manual interception task: Eye movements as active inference

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    This is the final version. Available from Springer via the DOI in this record. Data Availability: All relevant data and code is available online from: https://osf.io/tgx6r/.Human observers are known to frequently act like Bayes-optimal decision-makers. Growing evidence indicates that the deployment of the visual system may similarly be driven by probabilistic mental models of the environment. We tested whether eye movements during a dynamic interception task were indeed optimised according to Bayesian inference principles. Forty-one participants intercepted oncoming balls in a virtual reality racquetball task across five counterbalanced conditions in which the relative probability of the ball’s onset location was manipulated. Analysis of pre-onset gaze positions indicated that eye position tracked the true distribution of onset location, suggesting that the gaze system spontaneously adhered to environmental statistics. Eye movements did not, however, seek to minimise the distance between the target and foveal vision according to an optimal probabilistic model of the world and instead often reflected a ‘best guess’ about onset location. Trial-to-trial changes in gaze position were, however, found to be better explained by Bayesian learning models (hierarchical Gaussian filter) than associative learning models. Additionally, parameters relating to the precision of beliefs and prediction errors extracted from the participant-wise models were related to both task-evoked pupil dilations and variability in gaze positions, providing further evidence that probabilistic context was reflected in spontaneous gaze dynamics.Leverhulme Trus

    International relations in international business research:A review and research agenda

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    The increasing dynamism of the international business (IB) environment has drawn greater scholarly attention to the implications of international politics for MNEs’ cross-border activities. However, a systematic overview of International Relations (IR) research which has been applied in IB studies is absent. To analyse this void, we propose a conceptual framework of the broader international context to delineate the research boundaries of the emerging IR in IB research domain and offer a critically synthesized review of the studies that have drawn on IRscholarship to explain MNEs’ behaviour. We conduct bibliometric and content analyses to understand the state of knowledge of IR in IB research and examine the main approaches to study the impact of IR factors on MNEs’ location choices, entry strategies, legitimacy and post-entry performance. By illuminating knowledge frontier issues, we derive important directions for deepening the integration of IR scholarship to advance IB research

    The quest for effective regulatory enforcement:A goal-displacement perspective

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    “Don't cook or iron with it”: Heterogeneities and coping strategies for accessing and using electricity in the informal settlements of Kampala, Uganda

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    This is the final version. Available on open access from Elsevier via the DOI in this recordData availability: The data that has been used is confidential.Uganda has one of the highest energy access deficits in the world, so low-income households improvise to access electricity, often through heterogeneous infrastructure arrangements. This study investigated energy heterogeneity in Uganda's informal settlements, expressed through the coping strategies that households adopt to access and use electricity. The paper is based on fieldwork conducted in Nakulabye slum, Kampala over a period of two months in 2022. We find ubiquitous multiplicity of electricity infrastructures and access options in the as households ration electricity, practice energy stacking, use illegal connections, or forego grid access. Such coping strategies offer households convenience, cost-savings and flexibility, but over prolonged periods of time, they can become the primary means of accessing electricity. This may cement the disenfranchisement of informal settlements from the grid, obscure the energy challenges they face and spur complacency in service provision and policymaking. The grid remains the idealized electricity source for most households, and future energy landscapes will likely feature the grid supplemented through coping strategies that reveal the energy expectations and practices of the urban poor. Augmented with existing measures, coping strategies portray a more accurate picture of energy access, demand, and consumption in informal settlements and advances our understanding of these issues. This can inform effective service provision that is attuned and responsive to the urban poor's energy needs and promote an equitable urban agenda.UCL Department of Science, Technology, Engineering and Public Policy (UCL STEaPP)UCL Department of Engineering for International Development (UCL EFiD)Commonwealth Scholarship Commissio

    International relations in international business research:A review and research agenda

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    The increasing dynamism of the international business (IB) environment has drawn greater scholarly attention to the implications of international politics for MNEs’ cross-border activities. However, a systematic overview of International Relations (IR) research which has been applied in IB studies is absent. To analyse this void, we propose a conceptual framework of the broader international context to delineate the research boundaries of the emerging IR in IB research domain and offer a critically synthesized review of the studies that have drawn on IRscholarship to explain MNEs’ behaviour. We conduct bibliometric and content analyses to understand the state of knowledge of IR in IB research and examine the main approaches to study the impact of IR factors on MNEs’ location choices, entry strategies, legitimacy and post-entry performance. By illuminating knowledge frontier issues, we derive important directions for deepening the integration of IR scholarship to advance IB research

    A critical review on latest innovations and future challenges of electrochemical technology for the abatement of organics in water

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    Updated water directives and ambitious targets like the United Nations’ Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) have emerged in the last decade to tackle water scarcity and contamination. Although numerous strategies have been developed to remove water pollutants, it is still necessary to enhance their effectiveness against toxic and biorefractory organic molecules. Comprehensive reviews have highlighted the appealing features of the electrochemical technologies, but much progress has been made in recent years. In this timely review, a critical discussion on latest innovations and perspectives of the most promising electrochemical tools for wastewater treatment is presented. The work describes the performance of electrocatalytic anodes for direct electrochemical oxidation, the oxidation mediated by electrogenerated active chlorine, the electrocatalytic reduction as well as coupled approaches for synchronous anodic and cathodic processes combined with homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysis. The last section is devoted to the assessment of scale-up issues and the increase in the technology readiness level

    Focus, 2023, Winter

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    FOCUS (ISSN 1077-9345) is published quarterly, free of charge, for alumni and friends of Andrews University, an institution owned and operated by the Seventh-day Adventist Church.https://digitalcommons.andrews.edu/focus/1100/thumbnail.jp

    Autumn 2022 Full Issue

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    Stations as Nodes

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    At the main point of intersection between the railway and the city, stations are key elements in the organization of the intermodal transport as well as catalysts of urban developments in metropolises, medium and small cities. The focus of this publication is to explore the enrichment of a renewed approach of railway stations as intermodal nodes, therefore acting as breeding grounds for both urban and social developments. This book has been initiated and built upon several activities currently running at the Amsterdam Institute for Advanced Metropolitan Solutions (AMS Institute), Delft University of Technology (DIMI, Delft Deltas Infrastructure Mobility Initiative and Department of Architecture of the Faculty of Architecture and the Built Environment) and University of Paris-Est (l’École d’Urbanisme de Paris). These activities have been framed within the context of two rapidly developing metropolitan areas: Randstad in the Netherlands and MĂ©tropole du Grand Paris in the Ile de France. This volume forms the basis for a research on the ‘role of stations in future metropolitan areas’ with the ambition to link the two countries, learning from their different cities and distinct geographical context through comparable mobility challenges on the levels of the inner city, suburban and peripheral areas. In line with these considerations, in 2018 AMS Institute, TU Delft/ DIMI and the Dutch Embassy in Paris with Atelier NĂ©erlandais organized a successful workshop: ‘Stations of the Future’, in collaboration with La Fabrique de la CitĂ©. Together with Dutch and French planning entities, involving mass transit operators and railway companies, this workshop focused on several case studies in both metropolitan areas to understand the role of station hubs as intermodal nodes. During this joint French-Dutch event that took place in Paris, we spoke on topics like Station as intermodal node, Station as destination and Station as data center, including a debate on the relation between public space and architecture, densification and programming of station areas, pedestrian flows management and the integration of data. Following the Paris workshop, the summer school ‘Integrated Mobility Challenges in Future Metropolitan Areas’ was organised by AMS Institute and Delft University of Technology/DIMI with the collaboration of the ARENA architectural research network, University of Paris-Est and the City of Amsterdam. This 8-day workshop extended the debate among international young professionals, academics and master students by looking at an important rail-metro node in the metropolitan area of the city Amsterdam: Sloterdijk Station – a crucial hub in a bigger urban area for mobility and exchange, and for urban growth. The main question was: which approaches and scenarios can be tested and applied to these intermodal nodes, particularly when dealing with lack of space and growing number of users? The results were four very different plans to improve the Sloterdijk Station area and to make the station a ‘future proof’ intermodal hub. In this publication, invited experts from practice and knowledge institutes in France and the Netherlands share their common experience and draw on specific aspects and problems of conception, management and development of stations. A brief overview of the results of the two initiatives ‘Stations of the Future’ and the summer school ‘Integrated Mobility Challenges in Future Metropolitan Areas’ is here illustrated, accompanied by photo reportages of both events and by a curated reportage of the Amsterdam Sloterdijk station area
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