284,923 research outputs found
OUTLIERS AND SOME NON-TRADITIONAL MEASURES OF LOCATION IN ANALYSIS OF WAGES
The paper deals with an analysis of how to use certain measures of location in analysis of wages. One of traditional measures of location – the mean should to offer typical value of variable, representing all its values by the best way. Sometimes the mean is located in the tail of the distribution and gives very biased idea about the location of the distribution. The removing of outliers, if any, or using of different measures of location could be useful in these cases. Outliers are characterized and some robust methods of their detecting are described in the paper. Then the trimmed mean and M-estimators are characterized. Computing of one-step M-estimator and modified one-step M-estimator of location is described. The possibilities of using these tools are illustrated on the analysis of the gross yearly wages of employers of one Slovak firm in the year 2013
Multifractal structure of Bernoulli convolutions
Let be the distribution of the random series
, where is a sequence of i.i.d. random
variables taking the values 0,1 with probabilities . These measures are
the well-known (biased) Bernoulli convolutions.
In this paper we study the multifractal spectrum of for
typical . Namely, we investigate the size of the sets
Our main results highlight the fact that for almost all, and in some cases
all, in an appropriate range, is
nonempty and, moreover, has positive Hausdorff dimension, for many values of
. This happens even in parameter regions for which is
typically absolutely continuous.Comment: 24 pages, 2 figure
Self-other differences in student drinking norms research: the role of impression management, self-deception and measurement methodology
Background: Data-driven student drinking norms interventions are based on reported normative overestimation of the extent and approval of an average student’s drinking. Self-reported differences between personal and perceived normative drinking behaviors and attitudes are taken at face value as evidence of actual levels of overestimation. This study investigates whether commonly used data collection methods and socially desirable responding may inadvertently impede establishing 'objective' drinking norms.
Methods: UK students [N=421; 69% female; Mean age 20.22 years (SD = 2.5)] were randomly assigned to one of three versions of a drinking norms questionnaire: The standard multi-target questionnaire assessed respondents' drinking attitudes and behaviors (frequency of consumption, heavy drinking, units on a typical occasion) as well as drinking attitudes and behaviors for an ‘average student’. Two deconstructed versions of this questionnaire assessed identical behaviors and attitudes for participants themselves or an 'average student'. The Balanced Inventory of Desirable Responding was also administered.
Results: Students who answered questions about themselves and peers reported more extreme perceived drinking attitudes for the average student compared with those reporting solely on the ‘average student’. Personal and perceived reports of drinking behaviors did not differ between multi- and single-target versions of the questionnaire. Among those who completed the multi-target questionnaire, after controlling for demographics and weekly drinking, socially desirable responding was related positively with the magnitude of difference between students’ own reported behaviors/attitudes and those perceived for the average student.
Conclusions: Standard methodological practices and socially desirable responding may be sources of bias in peer norm overestimation research
Clustering Phase Transitions and Hysteresis: Pitfalls in Constructing Network Ensembles
Ensembles of networks are used as null models in many applications. However,
simple null models often show much less clustering than their real-world
counterparts. In this paper, we study a model where clustering is enhanced by
means of a fugacity term as in the Strauss (or "triangle") model, but where the
degree sequence is strictly preserved -- thus maintaining the quenched
heterogeneity of nodes found in the original degree sequence. Similar models
had been proposed previously in [R. Milo et al., Science 298, 824 (2002)]. We
find that our model exhibits phase transitions as the fugacity is changed. For
regular graphs (identical degrees for all nodes) with degree k > 2 we find a
single first order transition. For all non-regular networks that we studied
(including Erdos - Renyi and scale-free networks) we find multiple jumps
resembling first order transitions, together with strong hysteresis. The latter
transitions are driven by the sudden emergence of "cluster cores": groups of
highly interconnected nodes with higher than average degrees. To study these
cluster cores visually, we introduce q-clique adjacency plots. We find that
these cluster cores constitute distinct communities which emerge spontaneously
from the triangle generating process. Finally, we point out that cluster cores
produce pitfalls when using the present (and similar) models as null models for
strongly clustered networks, due to the very strong hysteresis which
effectively leads to broken ergodicity on realistic time scales.Comment: 13 pages, 11 figure
The Arecibo Legacy Fast ALFA Survey: The Galaxy Population Detected by ALFALFA
Making use of HI 21 cm line measurements from the ALFALFA survey (alpha.40)
and photometry from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS) and GALEX, we
investigate the global scaling relations and fundamental planes linking stars
and gas for a sample of 9417 common galaxies: the alpha.40-SDSS-GALEX sample.
In addition to their HI properties derived from the ALFALFA dataset, stellar
masses (M_*) and star formation rates (SFRs) are derived from fitting the
UV-optical spectral energy distributions. 96% of the alpha.40-SDSS-GALEX
galaxies belong to the blue cloud, with the average gas fraction f_HI =
M_HI/M_* ~ 1.5. A transition in SF properties is found whereby below M_* ~
10^9.5 M_sun, the slope of the star forming sequence changes, the dispersion in
the specific star formation rate (SSFR) distribution increases and the star
formation efficiency (SFE) mildly increases with M_*. The evolutionary track in
the SSFR-M_* diagram, as well as that in the color magnitude diagram are linked
to the HI content; below this transition mass, the star formation is regulated
strongly by the HI. Comparison of HI- and optically-selected samples over the
same restricted volume shows that the HI-selected population is less evolved
and has overall higher SFR and SSFR at a given stellar mass, but lower SFE and
extinction, suggesting either that a bottleneck exists in the HI to H_2
conversion, or that the process of SF in the very HI-dominated galaxies obeys
an unusual, low efficiency star formation law. A trend is found that, for a
given stellar mass, high gas fraction galaxies reside preferentially in dark
matter halos with high spin parameters. Because it represents a full census of
HI-bearing galaxies at z~0, the scaling relations and fundamental planes
derived for the ALFALFA population can be used to assess the HI detection rate
by future blind HI surveys and intensity mapping experiments at higher
redshift.Comment: 21 pages (2 columns), 14 figures. Accepted for publication in ApJ.
Version with full-resolution figures is available at
http://egg.astro.cornell.edu/alfalfa/pubs/Huang2012b_120702.pd
Stochastic perturbations in open chaotic systems: random versus noisy maps
We investigate the effects of random perturbations on fully chaotic open
systems. Perturbations can be applied to each trajectory independently (white
noise) or simultaneously to all trajectories (random map). We compare these two
scenarios by generalizing the theory of open chaotic systems and introducing a
time-dependent conditionally-map-invariant measure. For the same perturbation
strength we show that the escape rate of the random map is always larger than
that of the noisy map. In random maps we show that the escape rate and
dimensions of the relevant fractal sets often depend nonmonotonically on
the intensity of the random perturbation. We discuss the accuracy (bias) and
precision (variance) of finite-size estimators of and , and show
that the improvement of the precision of the estimations with the number of
trajectories is extremely slow (). We also argue that the
finite-size estimators are typically biased. General theoretical results
are combined with analytical calculations and numerical simulations in
area-preserving baker maps.Comment: 12 pages, 3 figures, 1 table, manuscript submitted to Physical Review
Cell-cell communication enhances the capacity of cell ensembles to sense shallow gradients during morphogenesis
Collective cell responses to exogenous cues depend on cell-cell interactions.
In principle, these can result in enhanced sensitivity to weak and noisy
stimuli. However, this has not yet been shown experimentally, and, little is
known about how multicellular signal processing modulates single cell
sensitivity to extracellular signaling inputs, including those guiding complex
changes in the tissue form and function. Here we explored if cell-cell
communication can enhance the ability of cell ensembles to sense and respond to
weak gradients of chemotactic cues. Using a combination of experiments with
mammary epithelial cells and mathematical modeling, we find that multicellular
sensing enables detection of and response to shallow Epidermal Growth Factor
(EGF) gradients that are undetectable by single cells. However, the advantage
of this type of gradient sensing is limited by the noisiness of the signaling
relay, necessary to integrate spatially distributed ligand concentration
information. We calculate the fundamental sensory limits imposed by this
communication noise and combine them with the experimental data to estimate the
effective size of multicellular sensory groups involved in gradient sensing.
Functional experiments strongly implicated intercellular communication through
gap junctions and calcium release from intracellular stores as mediators of
collective gradient sensing. The resulting integrative analysis provides a
framework for understanding the advantages and limitations of sensory
information processing by relays of chemically coupled cells.Comment: paper + supporting information, total 35 pages, 15 figure
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