153 research outputs found
Knowledge, Justification, and Reason-Based Belief
Is knowledge definable as justified true belief ("JTB")? We argue that one
can legitimately answer positively or negatively, depending on how the notion
of justification is understood. To facilitate our argument, we introduce a
simple propositional logic of reason-based belief. We show that this logic is
sufficiently flexible to accommodate various useful features, including
quantification over reasons. We use our framework to contrast two notions of
JTB: one internalist, the other externalist. We argue that Gettier cases
essentially challenge the internalist notion but not the externalist one. In
particular, we may equate knowledge and JTB if the latter is grounded in what
we call "adequate" reasons.Comment: v3 edits acknowledgment
A Discrete Geometric Optimal Control Framework for Systems with Symmetries
This paper studies the optimal motion control of
mechanical systems through a discrete geometric approach. At
the core of our formulation is a discrete Lagrange-d’Alembert-
Pontryagin variational principle, from which are derived discrete
equations of motion that serve as constraints in our optimization
framework. We apply this discrete mechanical approach to
holonomic systems with symmetries and, as a result, geometric
structure and motion invariants are preserved. We illustrate our
method by computing optimal trajectories for a simple model of
an air vehicle flying through a digital terrain elevation map, and
point out some of the numerical benefits that ensue
Logic of Intuitionistic Interactive Proofs (Formal Theory of Perfect Knowledge Transfer)
We produce a decidable super-intuitionistic normal modal logic of
internalised intuitionistic (and thus disjunctive and monotonic) interactive
proofs (LIiP) from an existing classical counterpart of classical monotonic
non-disjunctive interactive proofs (LiP). Intuitionistic interactive proofs
effect a durable epistemic impact in the possibly adversarial communication
medium CM (which is imagined as a distinguished agent), and only in that, that
consists in the permanent induction of the perfect and thus disjunctive
knowledge of their proof goal by means of CM's knowledge of the proof: If CM
knew my proof then CM would persistently and also disjunctively know that my
proof goal is true. So intuitionistic interactive proofs effect a lasting
transfer of disjunctive propositional knowledge (disjunctively knowable facts)
in the communication medium of multi-agent distributed systems via the
transmission of certain individual knowledge (knowable intuitionistic proofs).
Our (necessarily) CM-centred notion of proof is also a disjunctive explicit
refinement of KD45-belief, and yields also such a refinement of standard
S5-knowledge. Monotonicity but not communality is a commonality of LiP, LIiP,
and their internalised notions of proof. As a side-effect, we offer a short
internalised proof of the Disjunction Property of Intuitionistic Logic
(originally proved by Goedel).Comment: continuation of arXiv:1201.3667; extended start of Section 1 and 2.1;
extended paragraph after Fact 1; dropped the N-rule as primitive and proved
it derivable; other, non-intuitionistic family members: arXiv:1208.1842,
arXiv:1208.591
Fuzzy Sets and Formal Logics
The paper discusses the relationship between fuzzy sets and formal logics as well as the influences fuzzy set theory had on the development of particular formal logics. Our focus is on the historical side of these developments. © 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.partial support by the Spanish projects EdeTRI (TIN2012-39348- C02-01) and 2014 SGR 118.Peer reviewe
A REVIEW ON THE NEURAL CIRCUITS IN ANXIETY DISORDERS
ABSTRACTAnxiety disorders are among the most common mental, emotional, and behavioral problems. These affect one-eighth of the total population worldwide.Anxiety disorders are a group of mental disorders characterized by irritability, fear, insomnia, nervousness, tachycardia, inability to concentrate,poor coping skills, palpitation, sweating, agoraphobia, and social withdrawal. Brain regions and networks involved in anxiety symptomatology isan effort to better understand the mechanism involved and to develop more effective treatments for the anxiety disorders. Thus, neuroanatomicaland neuroimaging research in anxiety disorders has centered on the role of the amygdala, reciprocal connections between the amygdala and theprefrontal cortex, and, most recently, alterations in interoceptive processing by the anterior insula. Anxiety disorders are characterized by alterationsin a diverse range of neurochemical systems, suggesting ample novel targets for drug therapies. The neurotransmitter like corticotropin-releasingfactor, neuropeptides (substance P, neuropeptide Y, oxytocin, orexin, and galanin) are implicated in anxiety pathways. Each of these active areas ofresearch holds promise for expanding and improving evidence-based treatment options for individuals suffering with clinical anxiety. Therefore,this article gives the information on the neurocognitive mechanisms, causes, neurotransmitter involved in anxiety disorders and emphasize on thetherapeutic targets for anxiety disorders.Keywords: Anxiety, Stress, Amygdala, Corticotropin releasing factor, Insula, Thalamus
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