An investigation in the theory of voluntary provision of public goods and income tax evasion under the hypothesis of ethical behaviour on the part of economic agents

In this work we discuss a number of issues in the theory of voluntary provision of public goods and income tax evasion under the assumption that individuals are ruled by a notion of Kantian morality. Our justification for imposing such an assumption is that models incorporating the traditional assumption of rational egoism are unable to explain the many real world examples of successful private provision of public goods, of which compliance to tax rules can be taken as an example. In the first part of this work, after having reviewed the literature on private provision of public goods and justified our alternative approach, we introduce and formalize the notion of Kantian behaviour. We investigate efficiency of private provision of public goods under Kantian behaviour and we also compare Kantian provision with alternative models of public goods supply. Precise conditions on the structure of individual preferences which would ensure efficiency of private provision of a public good under Kantian, behaviour are derived. It is also shown that while Kantian supply of a public good is in general, still characterized by, underprovision it tends to be more efficient than public good provision under a democratic system as represented by the Median voter. theorem. Finally, using the notion of Lindahl equilibrium, a different way of assessing under/over provision of a public good under Kantian behaviour is derived. In the second part of this work, building upon the analysis on Kantian behaviour developed in the previous sections, we address the phenomenon of income tax evasion as an example of voluntary (non) provision of a public good. We present a model where the amount of tax that a taxpayer wishes to evade is determined on the basis of his perception of the fairness of his fiscal treatment, with respect to both governmental supply of public goods and the perceived behaviour of the other taxpayers. The coercive powers of the state, as well as the taxpayer's attitude toward risk, determine only the extent, to which this desired level of tax evasion is reached in practice. It is shown that this approach is able to produce implications for the relationship between the characteristics of public expenditure, the tax rates and tax evasion which are more consistent with both intuition, and empirical evidence than the results of the conventional model of income tax evasion. Furthermore, it also allows one to address other important questions such as the effect of government X-inefficiency on tax evasion

Measurements of secondary charged particle fragmentation cross sections produced by high energy heavy ions using silicon strip detectors

Measurements of high multiplicity final states produced in relativistic heavy ion collisions with nuclei applicable to space radiation applications were made. The measurements are of particular interest for space radiation protection as validation for transport models and improvement of nucleus-nucleus interaction models. The silicon strip detector system developed for this work allows direct measurement of the high multiplicity events in contrast to previous experiments with transmission mounted monolithic silicon detectors . The silicon strip detector system was used to measure the nuclear fragments produced in collisions of 290 and 400A MeV 12C ions with elemental and composite targets at the National Institute of Radiological Sciences Heavy Ion Medical Accelerator in Chiba, Japan. Measurements of three and two He coincidences were made including the spatial distribution of the three He events. Measurements of charge changing, and inclusive and exclusive fragment production cross sections were made. The cross section results were compared directly with the nuclear fragmentation code NUCFRG2 where possible. The results from multiplicity measurements of three and two He fragments suggest that many ions contribute to the spectra observed in monolithic silicon detectors. Three He events were found to be composed of approximately 50% Li+He events and 25% true three He events. The Li events in the monolithic silicon detector were composed of 50% true Li events and 35% two He events averaged over all targets and energies. The spatial distributions of the three He events about the beam center are approximately 3.3° ± 1.0° averaged over all targets and energies. The exclusive cross sections measured compare well with the measured fragment production cross sections and are within 10% for all targets except H. The exclusive fragmentation cross sections are in good agreement with the NUCFRG2 predictions and are typically within 10 to 20 percent for fragments from B to He. The charge changing cross sections are compared with several theoretical models with results within the errors for all but the Pb and H target data. The H target data were inferred from the measurements with CH2 introducing larger errors in the H target data

Upper and Middle Atmospheric Density Modeling Requirements for Spacecraft Design and Operations

Presented and discussed are concerns with applications of neutral atmospheric density models to space vehicle engineering design and operational problems. The area of concern which the atmospheric model developers and the model users considered, involved middle atmosphere (50 to 90 km altitude) and thermospheric (above 90 km) models and their engineering application. Engineering emphasis involved areas such as orbital decay and lifetime prediction along with attitude and control studies for different types of space and reentry vehicles

GVSU Press Releases, 1977

A compilation of press releases for the year 1977 submitted by University Communications (formerly News & Information Services) to news agencies concerning the people, places, and events related to Grand Valley State University

The interaction of a high-current, relativistic electron beam with a plasma

Imperial Users onl

Winona Daily News

https://openriver.winona.edu/winonadailynews/2366/thumbnail.jp

Albuquerque Morning Journal, 01-16-1916

https://digitalrepository.unm.edu/abq_mj_news/2541/thumbnail.jp