Motor fluency shapes abstract concepts

People with different types of bodies tend to think differently in predictable ways, even about abstract ideas that seem far removed from bodily experience. Right- and left-handers implicitly associate positive ideas like goodness and honesty more strongly with their dominant side of space, the side on which they can interact with their environment more fluently, and negative ideas with their non-dominant side. This suggests a role for motor experience in shaping abstract thoughts. Yet, previous evidence is also consistent with an experience-independent account. Here we show that right-handers' tendency to associate 'good' with right and 'bad' with left can be reversed due to both long- and short-term changes in motor fluency. Among stroke patients who were right-handed prior to unilateral cerebrovascular accident (CVA), those with left-hemiparesis (following right CVA) associated good with right, but those with right-hemiparesis (following left CVA) associated good with left, like natural left-handers. A similar pattern was found in healthy right-handers whose right or left hand was temporarily handicapped in a laboratory training task. Motor experience influences judgments of good and bad, overriding any predispositions due to natural handedness. Even highly abstract ideas depend, in part, on how people interact with the physical world

Affective incoherence: when affective concepts and embodied reactions clash.

In five studies, the authors examined the effects on cognitive performance of coherence and incoherence between conceptual and experiential sources of affective information. The studies crossed the priming of happy and sad concepts with affective experiences. In different experiments, these included approach or avoidance actions, happy or sad feelings, and happy or sad expressive behaviors. In all studies, coherence between affective concepts and affective experiences led to better recall of a story than did affective incoherence. The authors suggest that the experience of such experiential affective cues serves as evidence of the appropriateness of affective concepts that come to mind. The results suggest that affective coherence has epistemic benefits and that incoherence is costly in terms of cognitive performance

The influence of affective factors on time perception

Several studies have suggested that both affective valence and arousal affect the perception of time. How-ever, in previous experiments these two affective dimensions were not systematically controlled. In the present study, a set of emotional slides rated for valence and arousal (International Affective Picture System) were projected to two groups of subjects for 2, 4 and 6 sec. One group estimated the duration on an analog scale and a second group reproduced the interval by pushing a button. Heart rate and skin conductance responses were also recorded. A highly significant valence by arousal interaction affected duration judg-ments. For low arousal stimuli, the duration of negative slides was judged relatively shorter than the duration of positive slides. For high arousal stimuli, the duration of negative slides was judged longer than the dura-tion of positive slides. These results are interpreted within a model of action tendency, in which the level of arousal controls two different motivational mechanisms, one emotional and the other attentional

Affective coherence: Affect as embodied evidence in attitude, advertising and art

For the first time, this volume brings together these varied developments under one umbrella and furnishes a comprehensive overview of this intellectual ..

The influence of affect on attitude

Priests of the medieval Catholic Church understood something about the relationship between affect and attitude. To instill the proper attitude in parishioners, priests dramatized the power of liturgy to save them from Hell in a service in which the experience of darkness and fear gave way to light and familiar liturgy. These ceremonies “were written and performed so as to first arouse and then allay anxieties and fears ” (Scott, 2003, p. 227): The service usually began in the dark of night with the gothic cathedral’s nave filled with worship-pers cast into total darkness. Terrifying noises, wailing, shrieks, screams, and clanging of metal mimicked the chaos of hell, giving frightened witnesses a taste of what they could expect if they were tempted to stray. After a prolonged period of this imitation of hell, the cathedral’s interior gradually became filled with the blaze of a thousand lights. As the gloom diminished, cacophony was supplanted by the measured tones of Gregorian chants and polyphony. Light and divine order replaced darkness and chaos (R. Scott, personal correspondence, March 15, 2004). This ceremony was designed to buttress beliefs by experience and to transfigure abstractions into attitudes. In place of merely hearing about “the chaos and perdition of hell that regular performances of liturgy were designed to hold in check ” (Scott, 2003), parishioners shoul

Action-based effects on music perception

The classical, disembodied approach to music cognition conceptualizes action and perception as separate, peripheral processes. In contrast, embodied accounts of music cognition emphasize the central role of the close coupling of action and perception. It is a commonly established fact that perception spurs action tendencies. We present a theoretical framework that captures the ways in which the human motor system and its actions can reciprocally influence the perception of music. The cornerstone of this framework is the common coding theory, postulating a representational overlap in the brain between the planning, the execution, and the perception of movement. The integration of action and perception in so-called internal models is explained as a result of associative learning processes. Characteristic of internal models is that they allow intended or perceived sensory states to be transferred into corresponding motor commands (inverse modeling), and vice versa, to predict the sensory outcomes of planned actions (forward modeling). Embodied accounts typically refer to inverse modeling to explain action effects on music perception (Leman, 2007). We extend this account by pinpointing forward modeling as an alternative mechanism by which action can modulate perception. We provide an extensive overview of recent empirical evidence in support of this idea. Additionally, we demonstrate that motor dysfunctions can cause perceptual disabilities, supporting the main idea of the paper that the human motor system plays a functional role in auditory perception. The finding that music perception is shaped by the human motor system and its actions suggests that the musical mind is highly embodied. However, we advocate for a more radical approach to embodied (music) cognition in the sense that it needs to be considered as a dynamical process, in which aspects of action, perception, introspection, and social interaction are of crucial importance

The Influence of Freedom and Choice in Action Selection and the Valence of Action-outcomes on the Sense of Agency

Sense of agency (SoA) refers to the subjective experience that one is the author of their actions and the ensuing outcomes of these actions. Previous research have suggested that both sensorimotor processes and high level inferences can contribute to the SoA. In five experiments, the present thesis examined the effects of action selection processes and the valence of action-outcomes on the SoA. The majority of these experiments measured the SoA by obtaining both subjective feeling of control (FoC) judgments over the action-outcomes, and assessing the size of intentional binding. Intentional binding refers to the perceived temporal attraction between actions and their outcomes, and has been suggested as an implicit measure of the SoA. Experiment 1 manipulated the number of action alternatives as low, medium, and high and examined the effect of choice-level on intentional binding. The results showed that binding was strongest when participants had the maximum number of alternatives, intermediate when they had medium choice-level, and lowest when they had no choice. Experiment 2 recruited western and non-western participants and focused on the impact of pleasantness of action outcomes on both intentional binding and FoC judgment. The results revealed that both western and non-western groups showed greater FoC ratings for the pleasant compared to unpleasant outcomes. Moreover, for the western group only, binding was stronger for pleasant compared to unpleasant outcomes. In Experiment 3, participants performed freely selected and instructed actions, which could produce pleasant or unpleasant outcomes. The results revealed stronger binding and higher FoC ratings in the free- compared to instructed-choice condition. Additionally, FoC ratings were higher for the pleasant compared to the unpleasant outcomes. Similarly, Experiment 4 varied the choice-level between one (instructed), two, three, and four alternatives while the outcome of any choice could be pleasant or unpleasant. The results showed that binding was stronger in the four-choice condition compared to one-, two-, and three-choice conditions, while FoC ratings were systematically increased as the choice-level varied from one to four, and were higher for pleasant compared to unpleasant outcomes. In Experiment 5, participants were primed with either action or neutral images and performed either free or instructed actions. Free actions could be preceded by either neutral (neutral-free) or action primes (primed-free), and instructed actions indicated performing either prime-compatible or prime-incompatible actions. The findings showed that both binding and FoC ratings indicated stronger SoA in the neutral-free condition compared to all remaining modes of action selection. Moreover, these two measures of the SoA were significantly correlated. The overall results from these studies indicate that situational factors surrounding actions determine the contribution of predictive, prospective, and retrospective mechanisms to intentional binding and subjective judgments of agency. Among these factors, the present thesis highlights that one’s freedom in action selection and the availability of various action alternatives can strongly influence the SoA

Socially situated consumer cognition: from oral kinematics to grounded marketing

Sensory Marketing has long been uncovering surprising relations between the senses and mental experience, that is, how sensorial inputs may influence information-processing. Grounded Cognition proposes, however, that sensory but also motor experiences play an instrumental role in cognitive functioning. To further explore and expand knowledge on how muscular contractions and motor simulations cue judgments, we focused on the oral-facial muscular apparatus and examined the recently discovered in-out effect and its potential applications to marketing. Departing from the biomechanical overlap between the alimentation and oral communication functionalities of the mouth, this effect documents a stable preference for words whose consonantal articulation simulates ingestion movements, as opposite to words mimicking expectoration movements. Eight articles featuring 14 experiments (NTotal=4879) successfully (a) established the universality of the effect, replicating it in different languages and writing systems; (b) examined the role of fluency in this motor-to-affect link, revealing the lack of support for a mere fluency explanation and the need to test alternative mechanisms; and, (c) tested potential applications and boundary conditions that could potentially threat the effectiveness of using the in-out preference in marketing contexts. Our main contributions may be drawn from the innovative replications, rigorous tests to the alternative accounts and from the inputs provided for future brand name design. Additionally, we believe that our work is relevant to endorse a promising, yet still unresearched, approach. Acknowledging that cognition may rely so deeply in motor simulations and body movements, calls for a critical shift, urging researchers and managers to move towards Grounded Marketing.O Marketing Sensorial tem vindo a desvendar relações surpreendentes entre experiências sensoriais e mentais, revelando como os estímulos sensoriais influenciam o processamento de informação. A Cognição Situada propõe, contudo, que o funcionamento cognitivo depende do sistema sensorial mas também do motor. Para incrementar o conhecimento sobre a forma como as contrações musculares e simulações motoras influenciam os julgamentos, selecionámos o aparelho muscular orofacial para examinar o recém-descoberto efeito In-Out e as suas potenciais aplicações ao marketing. Reconhecendo a sobreposição muscular entre as funções de alimentação e comunicação, o efeito in-out demonstra que palavras cuja articulação simula movimentos de ingestão, são preferidas a palavras que mimetizam o movimento oposto – expectoração. Os oito artigos apresentados neste trabalho e as 14 experiências que os compõem (NTotal=4879) (a) estabelecem a universalidade do efeito, através da sua replicação em novas línguas e sistemas de escrita; (b) examinam o papel da fluência nesta relação motoro-afetiva, concluindo que não existe evidência suficiente para a reconhecer como a única explicação; e (c) testam potenciais aplicações e condições-limite que possam ameaçar a capitalização desta preferência no marketing. Além do carácter inovador das replicações, do rigor dos exames às explicações alternativas e das sugestões para o design de nomes de marcas, acreditamos que o principal contributo deste trabalho é apoiar uma abordagem promissora, mas ainda pouco explorada. O reconhecimento da centralidade que simulações motoras e movimentos corporais podem ter na cognição, motiva a adoção de uma nova perspectiva, que impele investigadores e gestores a avançar na direção do Marketing Situado

Embodiment of abstract concepts: Good and bad in right- and left-handers

Do people with different kinds of bodies think differently? According to the body-specificity hypothesis, people who interact with their physical environments in systematically different ways should form correspondingly different mental representations. In a test of this hypothesis, 5 experiments investigated links between handedness and the mental representation of abstract concepts with positive or negative valence (e.g., honesty, sadness, intelligence). Mappings from spatial location to emotional valence differed between right- and left-handed participants. Right-handers tended to associate rightward space with positive ideas and leftward space with negative ideas, but left-handers showed the opposite pattern, associating rightward space with negative ideas and leftward with positive ideas. These contrasting mental metaphors for valence cannot be attributed to linguistic experience, because idioms in English associate good with right but not with left. Rather, right- and left-handers implicitly associated positive valence more strongly with the side of space on which they could act more fluently with their dominant hands. These results support the body-specificity hypothesis and provide evidence for the perceptuomotor basis of even the most abstract ideas

Embodiment effects in memory for facial identity and facial expression

Research suggests that states of the body, such as postures, facial expressions, and arm movements, play central roles in social information processing. This study investigated the effects of approach/avoidance movements on memory for facial information. Faces displaying a happy or a sad expression were presented and participants were induced to perform either an approach (arm flexion) or an avoidance (arm extension) movement. States of awareness associated with memory for facial identity and memory for facial expression were then assessed with the Remember/Know/Guess paradigm. The results showed that performing avoidance movements increased Know responses for the identity, and Know/Guess responses for the expression, of valence-compatible stimuli (i.e., sad faces as compared to happy faces), whereas this was not the case for approach movements. Based on these findings, it is suggested that approach/avoidance motor actions influence memory encoding by increasing the ease of processing for valence-compatible information