180 research outputs found

    Neural-Kalman Schemes for Non-Stationary Channel Tracking and Learning

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    This Thesis focuses on channel tracking in Orthogonal Frequency-Division Multiplexing (OFDM), a widely-used method of data transmission in wireless communications, when abrupt changes occur in the channel. In highly mobile applications, new dynamics appear that might make channel tracking non-stationary, e.g. channels might vary with location, and location rapidly varies with time. Simple examples might be the di erent channel dynamics a train receiver faces when it is close to a station vs. crossing a bridge vs. entering a tunnel, or a car receiver in a route that grows more tra c-dense. Some of these dynamics can be modelled as channel taps dying or being reborn, and so tap birth-death detection is of the essence. In order to improve the quality of communications, we delved into mathematical methods to detect such abrupt changes in the channel, such as the mathematical areas of Sequential Analysis/ Abrupt Change Detection and Random Set Theory (RST), as well as the engineering advances in Neural Network schemes. This knowledge helped us nd a solution to the problem of abrupt change detection by informing and inspiring the creation of low-complexity implementations for real-world channel tracking. In particular, two such novel trackers were created: the Simpli- ed Maximum A Posteriori (SMAP) and the Neural-Network-switched Kalman Filtering (NNKF) schemes. The SMAP is a computationally inexpensive, threshold-based abrupt-change detector. It applies the three following heuristics for tap birth-death detection: a) detect death if the tap gain jumps into approximately zero (memoryless detection); b) detect death if the tap gain has slowly converged into approximately zero (memory detection); c) detect birth if the tap gain is far from zero. The precise parameters for these three simple rules can be approximated with simple theoretical derivations and then ne-tuned through extensive simulations. The status detector for each tap using only these three computationally inexpensive threshold comparisons achieves an error reduction matching that of a close-to-perfect path death/birth detection, as shown in simulations. This estimator was shown to greatly reduce channel tracking error in the target Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR) range at a very small computational cost, thus outperforming previously known systems. The underlying RST framework for the SMAP was then extended to combined death/birth and SNR detection when SNR is dynamical and may drift. We analyzed how di erent quasi-ideal SNR detectors a ect the SMAP-enhanced Kalman tracker's performance. Simulations showed SMAP is robust to SNR drift in simulations, although it was also shown to bene t from an accurate SNR detection. The core idea behind the second novel tracker, NNKFs, is similar to the SMAP, but now the tap birth/death detection will be performed via an arti cial neuronal network (NN). Simulations show that the proposed NNKF estimator provides extremely good performance, practically identical to a detector with 100% accuracy. These proposed Neural-Kalman schemes can work as novel trackers for multipath channels, since they are robust to wide variations in the probabilities of tap birth and death. Such robustness suggests a single, low-complexity NNKF could be reusable over di erent tap indices and communication environments. Furthermore, a di erent kind of abrupt change was proposed and analyzed: energy shifts from one channel tap to adjacent taps (partial tap lateral hops). This Thesis also discusses how to model, detect and track such changes, providing a geometric justi cation for this and additional non-stationary dynamics in vehicular situations, such as road scenarios where re ections on trucks and vans are involved, or the visual appearance/disappearance of drone swarms. An extensive literature review of empirically-backed abrupt-change dynamics in channel modelling/measuring campaigns is included. For this generalized framework of abrupt channel changes that includes partial tap lateral hopping, a neural detector for lateral hops with large energy transfers is introduced. Simulation results suggest the proposed NN architecture might be a feasible lateral hop detector, suitable for integration in NNKF schemes. Finally, the newly found understanding of abrupt changes and the interactions between Kalman lters and neural networks is leveraged to analyze the neural consequences of abrupt changes and brie y sketch a novel, abrupt-change-derived stochastic model for neural intelligence, extract some neuro nancial consequences of unstereotyped abrupt dynamics, and propose a new portfolio-building mechanism in nance: Highly Leveraged Abrupt Bets Against Failing Experts (HLABAFEOs). Some communication-engineering-relevant topics, such as a Bayesian stochastic stereotyper for hopping Linear Gauss-Markov (LGM) models, are discussed in the process. The forecasting problem in the presence of expert disagreements is illustrated with a hopping LGM model and a novel structure for a Bayesian stereotyper is introduced that might eventually solve such problems through bio-inspired, neuroscienti cally-backed mechanisms, like dreaming and surprise (biological Neural-Kalman). A generalized framework for abrupt changes and expert disagreements was introduced with the novel concept of Neural-Kalman Phenomena. This Thesis suggests mathematical (Neural-Kalman Problem Category Conjecture), neuro-evolutionary and social reasons why Neural-Kalman Phenomena might exist and found signi cant evidence for their existence in the areas of neuroscience and nance. Apart from providing speci c examples, practical guidelines and historical (out)performance for some HLABAFEO investing portfolios, this multidisciplinary research suggests that a Neural- Kalman architecture for ever granular stereotyping providing a practical solution for continual learning in the presence of unstereotyped abrupt dynamics would be extremely useful in communications and other continual learning tasks.Programa de Doctorado en Multimedia y Comunicaciones por la Universidad Carlos III de Madrid y la Universidad Rey Juan CarlosPresidente: Luis Castedo Ribas.- Secretaria: Ana García Armada.- Vocal: José Antonio Portilla Figuera

    Plastic Optical Fibers as Passive Optical Front-Ends for Visible Light Communication

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    Signal Processing and Learning for Next Generation Multiple Access in 6G

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    Wireless communication systems to date primarily rely on the orthogonality of resources to facilitate the design and implementation, from user access to data transmission. Emerging applications and scenarios in the sixth generation (6G) wireless systems will require massive connectivity and transmission of a deluge of data, which calls for more flexibility in the design concept that goes beyond orthogonality. Furthermore, recent advances in signal processing and learning have attracted considerable attention, as they provide promising approaches to various complex and previously intractable problems of signal processing in many fields. This article provides an overview of research efforts to date in the field of signal processing and learning for next-generation multiple access, with an emphasis on massive random access and non-orthogonal multiple access. The promising interplay with new technologies and the challenges in learning-based NGMA are discussed

    Modelling, Dimensioning and Optimization of 5G Communication Networks, Resources and Services

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    This reprint aims to collect state-of-the-art research contributions that address challenges in the emerging 5G networks design, dimensioning and optimization. Designing, dimensioning and optimization of communication networks resources and services have been an inseparable part of telecom network development. The latter must convey a large volume of traffic, providing service to traffic streams with highly differentiated requirements in terms of bit-rate and service time, required quality of service and quality of experience parameters. Such a communication infrastructure presents many important challenges, such as the study of necessary multi-layer cooperation, new protocols, performance evaluation of different network parts, low layer network design, network management and security issues, and new technologies in general, which will be discussed in this book

    Linear Predistortion-less MIMO Transmitters

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    Plastic Optical Fibers as Passive Optical Front-Ends for Visible Light Communication

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    Opportunistic communications in large uncoordinated networks

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    (English) The increase of wireless devices offering high data rate services limits the coexistence of wireless systems sharing the same resources in a given geographical area because of inter-system interference. Therefore, interference management plays a key role in permitting the coexistence of several heterogeneous communication services. However, classical interference management strategies require lateral information giving rise to the need for inter-system coordination and cooperation, which is not always practical. Opportunistic communications offer a potential solution to the problem of inter-system interference management. The basic principle of opportunistic communications is to efficiently and robustly exploit the resources available in a wireless network and adapt the transmitted signals to the state of the network to avoid inter-system interference. Therefore, opportunistic communications depend on inferring the available network resources that can be safely exploited without inducing interference in coexisting communication nodes. Once the available network resources are identified, the most prominent opportunistic communication techniques consist in designing scenario-adapted precoding/decoding strategies to exploit the so-called null space. Despite this, classical solutions in the literature suffer from two main drawbacks: the lack of robustness to detection errors and the need for intra-system cooperation. This thesis focuses on the design of a null space-based opportunistic communication scheme that addresses the drawbacks exhibited by existing methodologies under the assumption that opportunistic nodes do not cooperate. For this purpose, a generalized detection error model independent of the null-space identification mechanism is introduced that allows the design of solutions that exhibit minimal inter-system interference in the worst case. These solutions respond to a maximum signal-to-interference ratio (SIR) criterion, which is optimal under non-cooperative conditions. The proposed methodology allows the design of a family of orthonormal waveforms that perform a spreading of the modulated symbols within the detected null space, which is key to minimizing the induced interference density. The proposed solutions are invariant within the inferred null space, allowing the removal of the feedback link without giving up coherent waveform detection. In the absence of coordination, the waveform design relies solely on locally sensed network state information, inducing a mismatch between the null spaces identified by the transmitter and receiver that may worsen system performance. Although the proposed solution is robust to this mismatch, the design of enhanced receivers using active subspace detection schemes is also studied. When the total number of network resources increases arbitrarily, the proposed solutions tend to be linear combinations of complex exponentials, providing an interpretation in the frequency domain. This asymptotic behavior allows us to adapt the proposed solution to frequency-selective channels by means of a cyclic prefix and to study an efficient modulation similar to the time division multiplexing scheme but using circulant waveforms. Finally, the impact of the use of multiple antennas in opportunistic null space-based communications is studied. The performed analysis reveals that, in any case, the structure of the antenna clusters affects the opportunistic communication, since the proposed waveform mimics the behavior of a single-antenna transmitter. On the other hand, the number of sensors employed translates into an improvement in terms of SIR.(Català) El creixement incremental dels dispositius sense fils que requereixen serveis d'alta velocitat de dades limita la coexistència de sistemes sense fils que comparteixen els mateixos recursos en una àrea geogràfica donada a causa de la interferència entre sistemes. Conseqüentment, la gestió d'interferència juga un paper fonamental per a facilitar la coexistència de diversos serveis de comunicació heterogenis. No obstant això, les estratègies clàssiques de gestió d'interferència requereixen informació lateral originant la necessitat de coordinació i cooperació entre sistemes, que no sempre és pràctica. Les comunicacions oportunistes ofereixen una solució potencial al problema de la gestió de les interferències entre sistemes. El principi bàsic de les comunicacions oportunistes és explotar de manera eficient i robusta els recursos disponibles en una xarxa sense fils i adaptar els senyals transmesos a l'estat de la xarxa per evitar interferències entre sistemes. Per tant, les comunicacions oportunistes depenen de la inferència dels recursos de xarxa disponibles que poden ser explotats de manera segura sense induir interferència en els nodes de comunicació coexistents. Una vegada que s'han identificat els recursos de xarxa disponibles, les tècniques de comunicació oportunistes més prominents consisteixen en el disseny d'estratègies de precodificació/descodificació adaptades a l'escenari per explotar l'anomenat espai nul. Malgrat això, les solucions clàssiques en la literatura sofreixen dos inconvenients principals: la falta de robustesa als errors de detecció i la necessitat de cooperació intra-sistema. Aquesta tesi tracta el disseny d'un esquema de comunicació oportunista basat en l'espai nul que afronta els inconvenients exposats per les metodologies existents assumint que els nodes oportunistes no cooperen. Per a aquest propòsit, s'introdueix un model generalitzat d'error de detecció independent del mecanisme d'identificació de l'espai nul que permet el disseny de solucions que exhibeixen interferències mínimes entre sistemes en el cas pitjor. Aquestes solucions responen a un criteri de màxima relació de senyal a interferència (SIR), que és òptim en condicions de no cooperació. La metodologia proposada permet dissenyar una família de formes d'ona ortonormals que realitzen un spreading dels símbols modulats dins de l'espai nul detectat, que és clau per minimitzar la densitat d’interferència induïda. Les solucions proposades són invariants dins de l'espai nul inferit, permetent suprimir l'enllaç de retroalimentació i, tot i així, realitzar una detecció coherent de forma d'ona. Sota l’absència de coordinació, el disseny de la forma d'ona es basa únicament en la informació de l'estat de la xarxa detectada localment, induint un desajust entre els espais nuls identificats pel transmissor i receptor que pot empitjorar el rendiment del sistema. Tot i que la solució proposada és robusta a aquest desajust, també s'estudia el disseny de receptors millorats fent ús de tècniques de detecció de subespai actiu. Quan el nombre total de recursos de xarxa augmenta arbitràriament, les solucions proposades tendeixen a ser combinacions lineals d'exponencials complexes, proporcionant una interpretació en el domini freqüencial. Aquest comportament asimptòtic permet adaptar la solució proposada a entorns selectius en freqüència fent ús d'un prefix cíclic i estudiar una modulació eficient derivada de l'esquema de multiplexat per divisió de temps emprant formes d'ona circulant. Finalment, s’estudia l'impacte de l'ús de múltiples antenes en comunicacions oportunistes basades en l'espai nul. L'anàlisi realitzada permet concloure que, en cap cas, l'estructura de les agrupacions d'antenes tenen un impacte sobre la comunicació oportunista, ja que la forma d'ona proposada imita el comportament d'un transmissor mono-antena. D'altra banda, el nombre de sensors emprat es tradueix en una millora en termes de SIR.(Español) El incremento de los dispositivos inalámbricos que ofrecen servicios de alta velocidad de datos limita la coexistencia de sistemas inalámbricos que comparten los mismos recursos en un área geográfica dada a causa de la interferencia inter-sistema. Por tanto, la gestión de interferencia juega un papel fundamental para facilitar la coexistencia de varios servicios de comunicación heterogéneos. Sin embargo, las estrategias clásicas de gestión de interferencia requieren información lateral originando la necesidad de coordinación y cooperación entre sistemas, que no siempre es práctica. Las comunicaciones oportunistas ofrecen una solución potencial al problema de la gestión de las interferencias entre sistemas. El principio básico de las comunicaciones oportunistas es explotar de manera eficiente y robusta los recursos disponibles en una red inalámbricas y adaptar las señales transmitidas al estado de la red para evitar interferencias entre sistemas. Por lo tanto, las comunicaciones oportunistas dependen de la inferencia de los recursos de red disponibles que pueden ser explotados de manera segura sin inducir interferencia en los nodos de comunicación coexistentes. Una vez identificados los recursos disponibles, las técnicas de comunicación oportunistas más prominentes consisten en el diseño de estrategias de precodificación/descodificación adaptadas al escenario para explotar el llamado espacio nulo. A pesar de esto, las soluciones clásicas en la literatura sufren dos inconvenientes principales: la falta de robustez a los errores de detección y la necesidad de cooperación intra-sistema. Esta tesis propone diseñar un esquema de comunicación oportunista basado en el espacio nulo que afronta los inconvenientes expuestos por las metodologías existentes asumiendo que los nodos oportunistas no cooperan. Para este propósito, se introduce un modelo generalizado de error de detección independiente del mecanismo de identificación del espacio nulo que permite el diseño de soluciones que exhiben interferencias mínimas entre sistemas en el caso peor. Estas soluciones responden a un criterio de máxima relación de señal a interferencia (SIR), que es óptimo en condiciones de no cooperación. La metodología propuesta permite diseñar una familia de formas de onda ortonormales que realizan un spreading de los símbolos modulados dentro del espacio nulo detectado, que es clave para minimizar la densidad de interferencia inducida. Las soluciones propuestas son invariantes dentro del espacio nulo inferido, permitiendo suprimir el enlace de retroalimentación sin renunciar a la detección coherente de forma de onda. En ausencia de coordinación, el diseño de la forma de onda se basa únicamente en la información del estado de la red detectada localmente, induciendo un desajuste entre los espacios nulos identificados por el transmisor y receptor que puede empeorar el rendimiento del sistema. A pesar de que la solución propuesta es robusta a este desajuste, también se estudia el diseño de receptores mejorados usando técnicas de detección de subespacio activo. Cuando el número total de recursos de red aumenta arbitrariamente, las soluciones propuestas tienden a ser combinaciones lineales de exponenciales complejas, proporcionando una interpretación en el dominio frecuencial. Este comportamiento asintótico permite adaptar la solución propuesta a canales selectivos en frecuencia mediante un prefijo cíclico y estudiar una modulación eficiente derivada del esquema de multiplexado por división de tiempo empleando formas de onda circulante. Finalmente, se estudia el impacto del uso de múltiples antenas en comunicaciones oportunistas basadas en el espacio nulo. El análisis realizado revela que la estructura de las agrupaciones de antenas no afecta la comunicación oportunista, ya que la forma de onda propuesta imita el comportamiento de un transmisor mono-antena. Por otro lado, el número de sensores empleado se traduce en una mejora en términos de SIR.Postprint (published version

    Simultaneous Wireless Information and Power Transfer in 5G communication

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    Green communication technology is expected to be widely adopted in future generation networks to improve energy efficiency and reliability of wireless communication network. Among the green communication technologies,simultaneous wireless information and power transfer (SWIPT) is adopted for its flexible energy harvesting technology through the radio frequency (RF) signa lthati sused for information transmission. Even though existing SWIPT techniques are flexible and adoptable for the wireless communication networks, the power and time resources of the signal need to be shared between infor- mation transmission and RF energy harvesting, and this compromises the quality of the signal. Therefore,SWIP Ttechniques need to be designed to allow an efficient resource allocation for communication and energy harvesting. The goal oft his thesisis to design SWIP Ttechniques that allow efficient,reliable and secure joint communications and power transference. A problem associated to SWIPT techniques combined with multi carrier signals is that the increased power requirements inherent to energy harvesting purposes can exacerbate nonlinear distortion effects at the transmitter. Therefore, we evaluate nonlinear distortion and present feasible solutions to mitigate the impact of nonlinear distortion effects on the performance.Another goal of the thesisis to take advantage of the energy harvesting signals in SWIP Ttechniques for channel estimation and security purposes.Theperformance of these SWIPT techniques is evaluated analytically, and those results are validated by simulations. It is shownthatthe proposed SWIPT schemes can have excellent performance, out performing conventional SWIPT schemes.Espera-se que aschamadas tecnologiasde green communications sejam amplamente ado- tadas em futuras redes de comunicação sem fios para melhorar a sua eficiência energética a fiabilidade.Entre estas,encontram-se as tecnologias SWIPT (Simultaneous Wireless Information and Power Transference), nas quais um sinal radio é usado para transferir simultaneamente potência e informações.Embora as técnicas SWIPT existentes sejam fle- xíveis e adequadas para as redes de comunicações sem fios, os recursos de energia e tempo do sinal precisam ser compartilhados entre a transmissão de informações e de energia, o que pode comprometer a qualidade do sinal. Deste modo,as técnicas SWIPT precisam ser projetadas para permitir uma alocação eficiente de recursos para comunicação e recolha de energia. O objetivo desta tese é desenvolver técnicas SWIPT que permitam transferência de energia e comunicações eficientes,fiáveis e seguras.Um problema associado às técnicas SWIPT combinadas com sinais multi-portadora são as dificuldades de amplificação ine- rentes à combinação de sinais de transmissão de energia com sinais de transferência de dados, que podem exacerbar os efeitos de distorção não-linear nos sinais transmitidos. Deste modo, um dos objectivos desta tese é avaliar o impacto da distorção não-linear em sinais SWIPT, e apresentar soluções viáveis para mitigar os efeitos da distorção não-linear no desempenho da transmissão de dados.Outro objetivo da tese é aproveitar as vantagens dos sinais de transferência de energia em técnicas SWIPT para efeitos de estimação de canal e segurança na comunicação.Os desempenhos dessas técnicas SWIPT são avaliados analiticamente,sendo os respectivos resultados validados por simulações.É mostrado que os esquemas SWIPT propostos podem ter excelente desempenho, superando esquemas SWIPT convencionais

    Interference mitigation in feedforward opportunistic communications

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    This paper deals with scenario-aware, uncoordinated, and distributed signaling techniques in the context of feedforward opportunistic communications, that is, when the opportunistic transmitting node does not cooperate with any other node in a heterogeneous communication context. In this signaling technique, each network node individually follows a transmission strategy based on the locally sensed occupied and unused physical-layer network resources to minimize the induced interference onto other coexisting networks, taking into account the impact of the sensing errors and the locality of the sensing information. The paper identifies and characterizes critical invariance properties of the transmitted pulse shaping waveforms that guarantee the detectability of the feedforward transmitted signal by the uncoordinated receiving nodes, irrespective of the sensing signal space basis. The paper also shows that, under mild operating conditions, the proposed transmission scheme asymptotically defines efficient alternatives in the frequency domain, such as the circulant-shaping TDMA (CS-TDMA) modulation, and all of them admit a direct adaptation to frequency-selective channels. Numerical evaluation of the proposed schemes validates the provided theoretical models.This work has been supported by the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation through project RODIN (PID2019-105717RB-C22 / MCIN / AEI / 10.13039/501100011033) and fellowship FPI BES-2017-080071Peer ReviewedPostprint (author's final draft

    Decentralized Ultra-Reliable Low-Latency Communications through Concurrent Cooperative Transmission

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    Emerging cyber-physical systems demand for communication technologies that enable seamless interactions between humans and physical objects in a shared environment. This thesis proposes decentralized URLLC (dURLLC) as a new communication paradigm that allows the nodes in a wireless multi-hop network (WMN) to disseminate data quickly, reliably and without using a centralized infrastructure. To enable the dURLLC paradigm, this thesis explores the practical feasibility of concurrent cooperative transmission (CCT) with orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM). CCT allows for an efficient utilization of the medium by leveraging interference instead of trying to avoid collisions. CCT-based network flooding disseminates data in a WMN through a reception-triggered low-level medium access control (MAC). OFDM provides high data rates by using a large bandwidth, resulting in a short transmission duration for a given amount of data. This thesis explores CCT-based network flooding with the OFDM-based IEEE 802.11 Non-HT and HT physical layers (PHYs) to enable interactions with commercial devices. An analysis of CCT with the IEEE 802.11 Non-HT PHY investigates the combined effects of the phase offset (PO), the carrier frequency offset (CFO) and the time offset (TO) between concurrent transmitters, as well as the elapsed time. The analytical results of the decodability of a CCT are validated in simulations and in testbed experiments with Wireless Open Access Research Platform (WARP) v3 software-defined radios (SDRs). CCT with coherent interference (CI) is the primary approach of this thesis. Two prototypes for CCT with CI are presented that feature mechanisms for precise synchronization in time and frequency. One prototype is based on the WARP v3 and its IEEE 802.11 reference design, whereas the other prototype is created through firmware modifications of the Asus RT-AC86U wireless router. Both prototypes are employed in testbed experiments in which two groups of nodes generate successive CCTs in a ping-pong fashion to emulate flooding processes with a very large number of hops. The nodes stay synchronized in experiments with 10 000 successive CCTs for various modulation and coding scheme (MCS) indices and MAC service data unit (MSDU) sizes. The URLLC requirement of delivering a 32-byte MSDU with a reliability of 99.999 % and with a latency of 1 ms is assessed in experiments with 1 000 000 CCTs, while the reliability is approximated by means of the frame reception rate (FRR). An FRR of at least 99.999 % is achieved at PHY data rates of up to 48 Mbit/s under line-of-sight (LOS) conditions and at PHY data rates of up to 12 Mbit/s under non-line-of-sight (NLOS) conditions on a 20 MHz wide channel, while the latency per hop is 48.2 µs and 80.2 µs, respectively. With four multiple input multiple output (MIMO) spatial streams on a 40 MHz wide channel, a LOS receiver achieves an FRR of 99.5 % at a PHY data rate of 324 Mbit/s. For CCT with incoherent interference, this thesis proposes equalization with time-variant zero-forcing (TVZF) and presents a TVZF receiver for the IEEE 802.11 Non-HT PHY, achieving an FRR of up to 92 % for CCTs from three unsyntonized commercial devices. As CCT-based network flooding allows for an implicit time synchronization of all nodes, a reception-triggered low-level MAC and a reservation-based high-level MAC may in combination support various applications and scenarios under the dURLLC paradigm
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