Health Phys

On 11 March 2011, northern Japan was struck by first a magnitude 9.0 earthquake off the eastern coast and then by an ensuing tsunami. At the Fukushima Dai-ichi Nuclear Power Plant (NPP), these twin disasters initiated a cascade of events that led to radionuclide releases. Radioactive material from Japan was subsequently transported to locations around the globe, including the U.S. The levels of radioactive material that arrived in the U.S. were never large enough to cause health effects, but the presence of this material in the environment was enough to require a response from the public health community. Events during the response illustrated some U.S. preparedness challenges that previously had been anticipated and others that were newly identified. Some of these challenges include the following: (1) Capacity, including radiation health experts, for monitoring potentially exposed people for radioactive contamination are limited and may not be adequate at the time of a large-scale radiological incident; (2) there is no public health authority to detain people contaminated with radioactive materials; (3) public health and medical capacities for response to radiation emergencies are limited; (4) public health communications regarding radiation emergencies can be improved to enhance public health response; (5) national and international exposure standards for radiation measurements (and units) and protective action guides lack uniformity; (6) access to radiation emergency monitoring data can be limited; and (7) the Strategic National Stockpile may not be currently prepared to meet the public health need for KI in the case of a surge in demand from a large-scale radiation emergency. Members of the public health community can draw on this experience to improve public health preparedness.CC999999/Intramural CDC HHS/United States2016-03-01T00:00:00Z25627948PMC45585517184vault:1307

The Global Risks Report 2016, 11th Edition

Now in its 11th edition, The Global Risks Report 2016 draws attention to ways that global risks could evolve and interact in the next decade. The year 2016 marks a forceful departure from past findings, as the risks about which the Report has been warning over the past decade are starting to manifest themselves in new, sometimes unexpected ways and harm people, institutions and economies. Warming climate is likely to raise this year's temperature to 1° Celsius above the pre-industrial era, 60 million people, equivalent to the world's 24th largest country and largest number in recent history, are forcibly displaced, and crimes in cyberspace cost the global economy an estimated US$445 billion, higher than many economies' national incomes. In this context, the Reportcalls for action to build resilience – the "resilience imperative" – and identifies practical examples of how it could be done.The Report also steps back and explores how emerging global risks and major trends, such as climate change, the rise of cyber dependence and income and wealth disparity are impacting already-strained societies by highlighting three clusters of risks as Risks in Focus. As resilience building is helped by the ability to analyse global risks from the perspective of specific stakeholders, the Report also analyses the significance of global risks to the business community at a regional and country-level

A Qualitative Exploration of the Japanese Public\u27s Response to the Fukushima Nuclear Disaster

This narrative content analysis was conducted to gain an understanding of the experiences and perspectives of the Japanese public and explore how individuals have responded to and been impacted by the Fukushima nuclear disaster. After application of selection criteria, content from one alternative media website - Fukushima Diary - became identified as a source of data in this study. In all, 841 single-spaced pages of data analyzed to further understanding of the public\u27s cognitive, affective, and behavioral responses to the health threat posed by the Fukushima nuclear catastrophe resulted in identification of six themes arranged according to two dimensions. The first dimension, when the impossible happens, consists of three themes centered on the public\u27s affective and cognitive responses: (a) a shock to the system, (b) increasing perception of threat, and (c) betrayal and systemic domination. The second dimension, we have to save ourselves, includes three themes highlighting the public\u27s behavioral responses: (a) the mosquito and the dinosaur, (b) two kinds of people, and (c) a butterfly trying to move a mountain. Collectively, these six themes reveal how this disaster has impacted the wellbeing of those living in Japan and illuminate the centrality of culture and communication to the Japanese public\u27s understanding of and response to this nuclear catastrophe. Findings confirm the heuristic value of the EPPM and the five cultural dimensions in Hofstede\u27s framework. As an emergent theory, Iori Mochizuki\u27s self-hypnosis model provided a valuable lens for furthering understanding of how this disaster impacted the Japanese public. As suggested by this research, the Japanese response to the Fukushima nuclear disaster remains highly heterogeneous. While statistics on overall releases of radiation provide an essential objective measure of the severity and potential impact of the disaster, this study illuminates the value of examining detailed narrative accounts when seeking to understand the human toll of this catastrophe

World Nuclear Industry Status Report 2013

Two years after the Fukushima disaster started unfolding on 11 March 2011, its impact on the global nuclear industry has become increasingly visible. Global electricity generation from nuclear plants dropped by a historic 7 percent in 2012, adding to the record drop of 4 percent in 2011. This World Nuclear Industry Status Report 2013 (WNISR) provides a global overview of the history, the current status and the trends of nuclear power programs worldwide

Energy Transformation: Examining How Nuclear and Solar Power Could Enhance Stability in the Middle East Region and Implications for U.S. Policy

The U.S. Department of Energy projects that rapid growth in population and access to domestic resources will cause the Middle East\u27s energy consumption to increase by 95% from 2012 to 2040. Currently, Jordan, Saudi Arabia, and the United Arab Emirates do not have enough installed power capacity to handle this increase in consumption. Due to this, these states are looking to solar and nuclear power to diversify their energy sectors. This thesis\u27 focus is to examine the impending energy demand crisis that will affect Saudi Arabia, the United Arab Emirates (UAE), and Jordan. I argue that solar and nuclear power must play a vital role in these states\u27 energy sectors to stave off future power shortages, decrease reliance on domestic hydrocarbons and imported energy, and reduce CO2 emissions to lessen the effects of climate change. As nuclear energy capabilities for civilian use expand, so does the threat of nuclear terrorism or the possibility for countries to edge closer towards nuclear proliferation. The United States has a vested interest in stemming the proliferation of nuclear weapons and will need to be prepared to address this in the region in the future. Additionally, foreign powers are investing considerable resources and technology in the energy sectors in these states, which could erode U.S. influence in the region going forward

Revisiting the Trade Dispute Settlement between Japan and South Korea

학위논문(석사) -- 서울대학교대학원 : 국제대학원 국제학과(국제통상전공), 2021.8. 성유원.On April 11th 2019, the Appellate Body of the World Trade Organization (WTO) supported Korea’s import control measures on Japanese fishery products from specific Japanese prefectures. Because the ruling is considered final and therefore brings about many changes, it is of great interest to study its effects on social and health policy in Korea and Japan. For instance, what changes after the disaster were seen in public policy regarding radionuclides and food safety standards and guidelines in Korea and Japan? How did the understanding of the WTO ruling shape the socioeconomic policies in both countries? This paper examines the historic development of the appeal process, the contents of the appeal, and the social, economic, and medical impacts of the WTO ruling on both countries. A comparative data analysis will be used to identify and compare the stances taken by both nations. This paper retains originality because it seeks to fully explain and address how the WTO ruling can shape the future direction and purpose of policy formulation in both countries. Specifically, to see if scientific evidence and medical data lead to any adverse health outcomes on the public through the radiation and radionuclides in contaminated food products, and if these will be enough to make changes to the ruling. By acknowledging the scientific facts with primary sources form government and public institutions, this paper will determine whether or not WTO would have announced the same result advocating Korea’s stance over Japan’s argument in the export of their fishery products had the dispute been filed again.2019년 4월 11일, 세계무역기구(WTO)의 상소기구는 일본 특정 현의 수산물에 대한 한국의 수입금지 조치 지지를 선언하였다. 이번 판결은 최종적인 것으로 판단되어 많은 변화를 가져오기 때문에 한국과 일본의 사회 및 보건 정책에 미치는 영향을 연구하고자 한다. 예를 들어, 한국과 일본의 방사성 핵종과 식품안전기준 및 지침에 관한 공공정책에서 후쿠시마 원자력 발전소 사고 이후 어떤 변화가 있었는가? WTO 판결에 대한 이해가 양국의 사회경제적 정책을 어떻게 형성하였는가? 본 연구는 WTO 항소 절차 및 내용, WTO 판결이 양국에 미치는 사회적, 경제적, 의학적 영향을 조사하였다. 데이터 분석과 비교를 통해 양국이 취한 입장을 확인하고 WTO판결에 어떻게 적용되는지도 알아보았다. 이 논문은 WTO 판결이 양국 정책 수립의 미래 방향과 목적을 어떻게 형성할 수 있는지 충분히 설명함으로서 독창성을 가지고 있다. 특히, 과학적 증거 및 의학 데이터로 방사선에 오염된 식품 및 환경적 방사성 핵종이 대중에게 유해한 건강 결과를 초래하는지, 그리고 이것이 최종판결에 영향을 끼치는지 알아보고자 한다. 마지막으로 정부와 공공기관의 통계자료와 1차 사료를 기반으로, 후일 WTO가 일본의 수산물 수출 및 안전성 주장에 대해 한국의 입장을 계속해서 지지할지의 여부도 판단하였다.I. Introduction 1 1. Rationale for Research 1 II. Background 4 1. Summary of the WTO Ruling 4 1-1 Complaints Filed by Japan (The Panel) 4 1-2 Appeals Filed by Korea (The Appellate Body) 7 2. Fukushima Nuclear Disaster & Post-disaster Impact 11 2-1 The Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant Disaster March 11, 2011 12 2-2 Post-disaster Management 14 III. Social and Economic Impacts of Post-Fukushima 19 1. Changes in Public Policy 19 1-1 Social Fear against Radiation 19 1-2 Changes in Public Health Policy of South Korea and Japan 21 2. Economic Impacts on Japan and Korea 23 2-1 Economic Loss on Trade in the Eight Prefectures 24 IV. Health and Environmental Risks of Radionuclides in Japan after 2011 27 1. Released Amount of Radionuclides by Data 27 1-1 Radiation Level in the Air and Water by Prefectures 28 2. Radiological Contamination and Health Impacts on the Japanese People 34 2-1 Contamination in Food and Fishery Products 34 2-2 Radiology and Physiological Impacts of Radiation 37 2-3 Ionizing Radiation Health Effects on the Japanese People by Data 42 V. Revisiting the Legal Aspects of the WTO Dispute Settlement 57 1. Today’s Fukushima and Japan 57 2. Who is Right? Or Justified? 60 VI. Conclusion 62 List of Tables & Figures . Table 1 5 Table 2 29 Figure 1 6 Figure 2 13 Figure 3 14 Figure 4 16 Figure 5 17 Figure 6 24 Figure 7 25 Figure 8 30 Figure 9 31 Figure 10 32 Figure 11 33 Figure 12 35 Figure 13 36 Figure 14 36 Figure 15 40 Figure 16 45 Figure 17 46 Figure 18 46 Figure 19 47 Figure 20 51 Figure 21 52 Figure 22 53 Figure 23 54 Figure 24 63 Appendices . Appendix A 65 Appendix B 66 Appendix C 67 Appendix D 68 References 69석

Rogue Science

This review essay considers the tension between the evidence-driven vision of science\u27s mission and the fears of malicious use and terrible consequences that have come to the fore since the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001. These fears have led some to call for government restrictions on the substance of scientific research and communication. In general, this approach is likely to do far more harm than good. But scientists need to take the problem of social consequences more seriously than they have so far. The author argues in this essay that in some circumstances, when rogue use of science can do large-scale harm and when there are strong grounds for believing that a foe has the will and ability to do such harm, self-restraint within the scientific community is called for. The following works are reviewed: Science in the Service of Human Rights, By Richard Pierre Claude, University of Pennsylvania Press, 2002. Science and Technology in a Vulnerable World, Edited by Albert H. Teich, Stephen D. Nelson and Stephen J. Lita. American Association for the Advancement of Science, 2002

Yugoslavia

Present-day Yugoslavia covers the territory of what was left of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia Socialistićka Federativna Republika Jugoslavija (SFRJ) following the secession, from late 1991, first of Slovenia, then, successively, of Croatia, Bosnia and Hercegovina, and finally, Macedonia. This ‘rump’ - the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia Savezna Republika Jugoslavija (SRJ) consists constitutionally of two sovereign republics, Serbia and Montenegro. Each has a separate government, legal and administrative system within the Federal constitution. They are often separately represented at international fora: within SRJ their relationship is uneasy and its future uncertain. Serbia today includes the former (SFRJ) ‘autonomous provinces’ of Vojvodina to the North and Kosovo to the south. Since 1987, both were progressively assimilated - administratively and politically - into the Republic of Serbia and were formally stripped of their autonomy under a new constitution adopted by Serbia in September 1990. Both SRJ and its constituent entities have uncertain status in international law. The declaration in April 1992 by Serbia and Montenegro that SRJ was the legal successor of the SFRJ was a de facto recognition of the secession of the other four republics. However, the United Nations ruled in September of that year that this could not automatically be the case and excluded SRJ from the General Assembly; subsequently the recognition of SRJ by other nations has been uncertain. Kosovo is presently under military control of NATO (and Russian) armed forces (KFOR), its administration in the hands of a United Nations mission (UNMIK); its future can only be a matter of conjecture. Examination of environmental issues in Yugoslavia must be informed by two principal considerations: • The physical and ecological characteristics of the region, and its social and economic development up to and including the collapse of the former Yugoslavia in 1991 • Events since 1991, including socioeconomic changes, the effect of external sanctions consequent on Yugoslavia’s involvement in the civil war in neighbouring Bosnia and Hercegovina (1992-95) and, most recently, the civil war in Kosovo and the intervention of NATO. The latter, in particular, cast a shadow over any analysis of Yugoslavia and its future, including the matters dealt with in this chapter, which therefore includes an assessment of environmental damage and prospects for environmental remediation against the backcloth of an analysis of the pre-1999 situation in the region