11 research outputs found

    A chemokine gene expression signature derived from meta-analysis predicts the pathogenicity of viral respiratory infections

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    <p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>During respiratory viral infections host injury occurs due in part to inappropriate host responses. In this study we sought to uncover the host transcriptional responses underlying differences between high- and low-pathogenic infections.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>From a compendium of 12 studies that included responses to influenza A subtype H5N1, reconstructed 1918 influenza A virus, and SARS coronavirus, we used meta-analysis to derive multiple gene expression signatures. We compared these signatures by their capacity to segregate biological conditions by pathogenicity and predict pathogenicity in a test data set. The highest-performing signature was expressed as a continuum in low-, medium-, and high-pathogenicity samples, suggesting a direct, analog relationship between expression and pathogenicity. This signature comprised 57 genes including a subnetwork of chemokines, implicating dysregulated cell recruitment in injury.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>Highly pathogenic viruses elicit expression of many of the same key genes as lower pathogenic viruses but to a higher degree. This increased degree of expression may result in the uncontrolled co-localization of inflammatory cell types and lead to irreversible host damage.</p

    TAF6ÎŽ orchestrates an apoptotic transcriptome profile and interacts functionally with p53

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    <p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>TFIID is a multiprotein complex that plays a pivotal role in the regulation of RNA polymerase II (Pol II) transcription owing to its core promoter recognition and co-activator functions. TAF6 is a core TFIID subunit whose splice variants include the major TAF6α isoform that is ubiquitously expressed, and the inducible TAF6Ύ. In contrast to TAF6α, TAF6Ύ is a pro-apoptotic isoform with a 10 amino acid deletion in its histone fold domain that abolishes its interaction with TAF9. TAF6Ύ expression can dictate life versus death decisions of human cells.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>Here we define the impact of endogenous TAF6Ύ expression on the global transcriptome landscape. TAF6Ύ was found to orchestrate a transcription profile that included statistically significant enrichment of genes of apoptotic function. Interestingly, gene expression patterns controlled by TAF6Ύ share similarities with, but are not equivalent to, those reported to change following TAF9 and/or TAF9b depletion. Finally, because TAF6Ύ regulates certain p53 target genes, we tested and demonstrated a physical and functional interaction between TAF6Ύ and p53.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>Together our data define a TAF6Ύ-driven apoptotic gene expression program and show crosstalk between the p53 and TAF6Ύ pathways.</p

    TAF6ÎŽ Controls Apoptosis and Gene Expression in the Absence of p53

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    BACKGROUND: Life and death decisions of metazoan cells hinge on the balance between the expression of pro- versus anti-apoptotic gene products. The general RNA polymerase II transcription factor, TFIID, plays a central role in the regulation of gene expression through its core promoter recognition and co-activator functions. The core TFIID subunit TAF6 acts in vitro as an essential co-activator of transcription for the p53 tumor suppressor protein. We previously identified a splice variant of TAF6, termed TAF6delta that can be induced during apoptosis. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: To elucidate the impact of TAF6delta on cell death and gene expression, we have employed modified antisense oligonucleotides to enforce expression of endogenous TAF6delta. The induction of endogenous TAF6delta triggered apoptosis in tumor cell lines, including cells devoid of p53. Microarray experiments revealed that TAF6delta activates gene expression independently of cellular p53 status. CONCLUSIONS: Our data define TAF6delta as a pivotal node in a signaling pathway that controls gene expression programs and apoptosis in the absence of p53

    Probability landscapes for integrative genomics

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    <p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>The comprehension of the gene regulatory code in eukaryotes is one of the major challenges of systems biology, and is a requirement for the development of novel therapeutic strategies for multifactorial diseases. Its bi-fold degeneration precludes brute force and statistical approaches based on the genomic sequence alone. Rather, recursive integration of systematic, whole-genome experimental data with advanced statistical regulatory sequence predictions needs to be developed. Such experimental approaches as well as the prediction tools are only starting to become available and increasing numbers of genome sequences and empirical sequence annotations are under continual discovery-driven change. Furthermore, given the complexity of the question, a decade(s) long multi-laboratory effort needs to be envisioned. These constraints need to be considered in the creation of a framework that can pave a road to successful comprehension of the gene regulatory code.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>We introduce here a concept for such a framework, based entirely on systematic annotation in terms of probability profiles of genomic sequence using any type of relevant experimental and theoretical information and subsequent cross-correlation analysis in hypothesis-driven model building and testing.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>Probability landscapes, which include as reference set the probabilistic representation of the genomic sequence, can be used efficiently to discover and analyze correlations amongst initially heterogeneous and un-relatable descriptions and genome-wide measurements. Furthermore, this structure is usable as a support for automatically generating and testing hypotheses for alternative gene regulatory grammars and the evaluation of those through statistical analysis of the high-dimensional correlations between genomic sequence, sequence annotations, and experimental data. Finally, this structure provides a concrete and tangible basis for attempting to formulate a mathematical description of gene regulation in eukaryotes on a genome-wide scale.</p

    Retinoic acid receptor α as a novel contributor to adrenal cortex structure and function through interactions with Wnt and Vegfa signalling

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    International audiencePrimary aldosteronism (PA) is the most frequent form of secondary arterial hypertension. Mutations in different genes increase aldosterone production in PA, but additional mechanisms may contribute to increased cell proliferation and aldosterone producing adenoma (APA) development. We performed transcriptome analysis in APA and identified retinoic acid receptor alpha (RARα) signaling as a central molecular network involved in nodule formation. To understand how RARα modulates adrenal structure and function, we explored the adrenal phenotype of male and female Rarα knockout mice. inactivation of Rarα in mice led to significant structural disorganization of the adrenal cortex in both sexes, with increased adrenal cortex size in female mice and increased cell proliferation in males. Abnormalities of vessel architecture and extracellular matrix were due to decreased Vegfa expression and modifications in extracellular matrix components. On the molecular level, Rarα inactivation leads to inhibition of non-canonical Wnt signaling, without affecting the canonical Wnt pathway nor PKA signaling. Our study suggests that Rarα contributes to the maintenance of normal adrenal cortex structure and cell proliferation, by modulating Wnt signaling. Dysregulation of this interaction may contribute to abnormal cell proliferation, creating a propitious environment for the emergence of specific driver mutations in PA. Primary aldosteronism (PA) is the most common and curable form of secondary arterial hypertension, with prevalence estimations of up to 10% of cases in referred hypertensive patients, 4% of patients in primary care 1,2 and 20% of patients with resistant hypertension 3,4. Rapid diagnosis and treatment are important to prevent severe cardiovas-cular consequences of long term aldosterone exposure, which are independent of blood pressure levels and are du

    The Microbiota Mediates Pathogen Clearance from the Gut Lumen after Non-Typhoidal Salmonella Diarrhea

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    Many enteropathogenic bacteria target the mammalian gut. The mechanisms protecting the host from infection are poorly understood. We have studied the protective functions of secretory antibodies (sIgA) and the microbiota, using a mouse model for S. typhimurium diarrhea. This pathogen is a common cause of diarrhea in humans world-wide. S. typhimurium (S. tmatt, sseD) causes a self-limiting gut infection in streptomycin-treated mice. After 40 days, all animals had overcome the disease, developed a sIgA response, and most had cleared the pathogen from the gut lumen. sIgA limited pathogen access to the mucosal surface and protected from gut inflammation in challenge infections. This protection was O-antigen specific, as demonstrated with pathogens lacking the S. typhimurium O-antigen (wbaP, S. enteritidis) and sIgA-deficient mice (TCRÎČ−/−ή−/−, JH−/−, IgA−/−, pIgR−/−). Surprisingly, sIgA-deficiency did not affect the kinetics of pathogen clearance from the gut lumen. Instead, this was mediated by the microbiota. This was confirmed using ‘L-mice’ which harbor a low complexity gut flora, lack colonization resistance and develop a normal sIgA response, but fail to clear S. tmatt from the gut lumen. In these mice, pathogen clearance was achieved by transferring a normal complex microbiota. Thus, besides colonization resistance ( = pathogen blockage by an intact microbiota), the microbiota mediates a second, novel protective function, i.e. pathogen clearance. Here, the normal microbiota re-grows from a state of depletion and disturbed composition and gradually clears even very high pathogen loads from the gut lumen, a site inaccessible to most “classical” immune effector mechanisms. In conclusion, sIgA and microbiota serve complementary protective functions. The microbiota confers colonization resistance and mediates pathogen clearance in primary infections, while sIgA protects from disease if the host re-encounters the same pathogen. This has implications for curing S. typhimurium diarrhea and for preventing transmission

    Crosstalk between TAF6ÎŽ and Notch Signalling Pathways in Cancer Cell Lines

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    La voie de signalisation de Notch contrĂŽle de multiples processus cellulaires, telle la diffĂ©renciation, la prolifĂ©ration cellulaire et l’apoptose. Son activation repose sur la liaison du rĂ©cepteur Notch par son ligand. Par la suite, le domaine intracellulaire actif de Notch (NIC) est relĂąchĂ© aprĂšs son clivage mĂ©diĂ© par la Îł-sĂ©crĂ©tase. Cela permet au NIC d’ĂȘtre transportĂ© au noyau oĂč celui-ci lie la protĂ©ine CSL et active la transcription de ses gĂšnes cibles, comme Hes1. TAF6 est une sous-unitĂ© du facteur de transcription gĂ©nĂ©ral TFIID qui joue un rĂŽle important dans la rĂ©gulation de la transcription effectuĂ©e par l’ARN polymĂ©rase II. L’isoforme TAF6ÎŽ peut induire l’apoptose et aussi l’expression des gĂšnes cibles de Notch. Cette Ă©tude a pour objectif d’explorer l’interaction croisĂ©e entre les voies de signalisation de Notch et de TAF6ÎŽ et leur impact sur l’apoptose. Pour valider l’impact de l’expression de TAF6ÎŽ sur la voie de signalisation de Notch, nous avons effectuĂ© une analyse par micropuce. L’expression de TAF6ÎŽ mĂ©diĂ©e par la transfection de SSOs (oligonuclĂ©otides Splice-Switching) a rĂ©vĂ©lĂ© une induction Îł-sĂ©crĂ©tase dĂ©pendante de gĂšnes cibles de Notch dans les cellules HeLa. La cytomĂ©trie de flux a en outre montrĂ© que l'apoptose TAF6ÎŽ-dĂ©pendante est rĂ©duite par un traitement avec des inhibiteurs de gamma-sĂ©crĂ©tase. L'analyse par immunofluorescence a rĂ©vĂ©lĂ© que TAF6ÎŽ induit la translocation de NIC-2 au noyau. Enfin, une analyse par qPCR a montrĂ© que l'expression du gĂšne cible Notch est augmentĂ©e dans plusieurs lignĂ©es de cellules cancĂ©reuses en rĂ©ponse Ă  l’induction TAF6ÎŽ. Nos donnĂ©es montrent, que la voie de signalisation de Notch est activĂ©e par TAF6ÎŽ dans plusieurs modĂšles de cancer et que l’interaction entre ces deux voies contribue Ă  l'apoptose dans un modĂšle de cancer du col de l'utĂ©rus.Abstract : The Notch pathway controls multiple cellular processes, such as differentiation, cell proliferation and apoptosis. Its activation is based on the ligand binding to a Notch receptor after which, the Notch intracellular active domain (NIC) is released through cleavage mediated by Îł-secretase. Upon cleavage, NIC translocates to the nucleus, where it binds CSL (CBF1/Su (H)/Lag-1) and activates the transcription of its target genes such as Hes1. TAF6 is a subunit of the TFIID basal transcription complex that plays an important role in the regulation of RNA polymerase II transcription. TAF6ÎŽ is a specialized isoform of TAF6 that can induce apoptosis and induces the expression of Notch target genes. This study aims to explore the potential crosstalk between TAF6ÎŽ and Notch signalling pathways and its impact on apoptosis. Results: To validate the impact of TAF6ÎŽ expression on the Notch pathway, we performed microarray analysis. TAF6ÎŽ induction, mediated through transfection of SSOs (Splice-Switching oligonucleotides), revealed a Îł-secretase–dependent induction of Notch target genes in HeLa cells. Flow cytometry analysis further showed that TAF6ÎŽ-dependent apoptosis is reduced by treatment with Îł-secretase inhibitors. Immunofluorescence analysis revealed that TAF6ÎŽ induced translocation of NIC-2 to the nucleus. Finally, qPCR showed that Notch target gene expression is increased in several cancer cell lines in response to TAF6ÎŽ induction. Conclusion: Our data show that the Notch pathway is activated by TAF6ÎŽ in several models of cancer, and that this association contributes to apoptosis in cervical cancer

    Identification des éléments CIS d'ARN et développement d'un gÚne rapporteur pour caractériser les facteurs d'épissage qui contrÎlent l'expression du facteur de transcription pro-apoptotique TAF6[delta]

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    L'apoptose est un processus primordial pour le dĂ©veloppement et le maintien des organismes eucaryotes. Elle est rĂ©gulĂ©e Ă  diffĂ©rents niveaux de l’expression gĂ©nique. En fonction des stimuli intra- et extra-cellulaires, les facteurs de transcription rĂ©gulent l'expression des protĂ©ines pro-survies et pro-apoptotiques. Ces facteurs de transcription facilitent la formation du complexe de prĂ©-initiation (CPI) de la transcription pour activer la transcription. Le CPI est composĂ© de l’ARN polymĂ©rase II et des facteurs gĂ©nĂ©raux de transcription dont le facteur de reconnaissance du promoteur, TFIID. TFIID est un complexe multi-protĂ©ique composĂ© de la protĂ©ine de liaison de la boĂźte TATA (TBP) et de 14 facteurs associĂ©s Ă  TBP (TAFs) tel que TAF6 qui nous intĂ©resse. TAF6 est exprimĂ© sous 5 isoformes d'Ă©pissage alternatif (?, ?, ?, Ă°, ? ). TAF6? et TAF6Ă° sont deux entitĂ©s antagonistes. Ils sont issus de l’épissage alternatif du deuxiĂšme exon de TAF6. Contrairement au variant majoritaire TAF6? qui a une activitĂ© oncogĂ©nique et antiapoptotique, le variant minoritaire TAF6Ă° est pro-apoptotique. À l’opposĂ© de TAF6?, l’excision de la partie alternative du deuxiĂšme exon empĂȘche la dimĂ©risation de TAF6Ă° avec TAF9 dans TFIID (TFIID?). Les analyses de puce Ă  ADN ont montrĂ© que l'impact sur le transcriptome de la perte de TAF6? est fortement distinct de l'impact causĂ© par l'induction de l’isoforme pro-mort TAF6Ă° par des oligonuclĂ©otides antisens qui bascule l’épissage (SSO pour Splice site Switching Oligonucleotids). En outre, la dĂ©plĂ©tion du variant d'Ă©pissage majeur TAF6? aboutit Ă  la perte de la viabilitĂ© des cellules. L'importance de l'induction de TAF6Ă° dans la mort cellulaire programmĂ©e et nos rĂ©sultats prĂ©cĂ©dents montrant que TAFĂ° induit l’apoptose indĂ©pendamment de p53 dans de nombreux types de cellules cancĂ©reuses, nous ont incitĂ©s Ă  entreprendre une dissection des Ă©lĂ©ments cis d'ARN qui contrĂŽlent l'Ă©pissage du variant TAF6Ă°. Nous avons dĂ©veloppĂ© un systĂšme de minigĂšne pour Ă©tudier les Ă©lĂ©ments cis d'ARN qui contrĂŽlent l'expression de TAF6Ă°. Le minigĂšne inclut la sĂ©quence gĂ©nomique de TAF6 (exon 2 Ă  exon 3) qui est dirigĂ© par le promoteur CMV et il mime le patron d’épissage alternatif de TAF6? et TAF6Ă° endogĂšne. Nous avons entrepris une analyse mutationnelle pour identifier les Ă©lĂ©ments cis de TARN prĂ©-messager de TAF6. Nos donnĂ©es ont mis en Ă©vidence un site activateur d'Ă©pissage dans l’exon 2 constitutif. Dans l’intron, deux motifs polyC et polyG pourraient rĂ©guler l’épissage alternatif de TAF6Ă°. Ces motifs reprĂ©sentent des sites potentiels de liaison pour les protĂ©ines de liaison Ă  l’ADN, hnRNP K et H respectivement. Nous avons donc testĂ© l’effet de la surexpression de hnRNP K et H sur l’épissage alternatif de TAF6 et nous n'avons eu aucuns changement sur l’expression de TAF6Ă° endogĂšne. De plus, nous avons constatĂ© que la mutation d'un seul nuclĂ©otide qui semble perturber la structure secondaire d'ARN au site d’épissage proximal, renverse complĂštement le patron d’épissage. Cette mutation favorise le choix du site d’épissage distal (un site faible) Ă  la place du site d’épissage proximal (TAF6?). Nos rĂ©sultats suggĂšrent aussi qu’un Ă©lĂ©ment rĂ©gulateur d’épissage qui favorise TAF6? est prĂ©sent dans l’exon 2 alternatif. Pour permettre l’identification des facteurs d’épissage influençant le choix du site d’épissage, nous avons crĂ©Ă© un nouveau systĂšme d’épissage rapporteur. Notre nouveau vecteur contient la sĂ©quence gĂ©nomique de TAF6 (exon 2 Ă  exon 4) modifiĂ©e par l’introduction d’un codon stop prĂ©maturĂ© (CSP) dans l’exon 2 alternatif et fusionnĂ© Ă  la protĂ©ine EYFP. La combinaison des essais de transfections transitoires avec les SSOs ont Ă©tĂ© utilisĂ©s pour valider ce systĂšme contrĂŽlĂ© par cytomĂ©trie de flux. Dans le futur, ce systĂšme pourrait ĂȘtre utilisĂ© pour produire une lignĂ©e stable afin d'identifier les facteurs d’épissage impliquĂ©s dans la rĂ©gulation de l’épissage alternatif par un criblage d’inhibition (siRNA) ou de surexpression (ADNc). Donc, mon projet prĂ©sente la premiĂšre identification des Ă©lĂ©ments cis qui contrĂŽlent l’épissage du facteur aussi bien que le dĂ©veloppement d’un systĂšme d'Ă©pissage rapporteur crĂ©Ă© pour permettre l’identification des protĂ©ines d'Ă©pissage qui rĂ©gulent l’expression de TAF6Ă°. [symboles non conformes
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