350 research outputs found
Norm-based Abduction Process (NAP) in developing information architecture
Abduction is a logical reasoning process that allows the discovery and creation of new knowledge. However, the function of knowledge is not explicitly developed in the existing research on abduction. Developing information architecture is a scientific inquiry in a practical context as it engages multiple stakeholders. How-ever, the current research in information architecture does not appear to be under-pinned by sound theoretical foundations. This paper proposes a norm-based ab-duction process (NAP) where norms are seen as knowledge in developing in-formation architecture. A case study of a UK hospital is used for illustration pur-poses. The key contribution of this paper is to incorporate norms in the existing abduction process, to assert abduction as the foundation of a logical reasoning process and to derive a theoretical proposition for information architecture
Property owners, workers, and public women: Stories and geographies of the late nineteenth century Manileña, 1860-1896
This thesis attempts to problematize and reveal the role women played in the development of late nineteenth century Manila’s social and economic landscape, while also linking their stories to the larger processes and events that influenced their daily lives. By combining methods from social history research with concepts and techniques from human geography, historical geography, and historical Geographic Information Systems (HGIS), this study produces a collective portrait of the Manileña; one that is enhanced through a geographic analysis of their occupations and activities set within Manila’s social and physical spaces. The main body of this dissertation is composed of seven chapters categorized into themes that tackle the Manileña’s experiences and the spaces she utilized, negotiated, and contested with respect to State power, her livelihoods, and her place in society. The first three chapters underscore the contrasting experiences of privileged and working-class women in relation to the Law. While their knowledge of the Law allowed privileged women to conduct personal businesses, leave wills, and seek legal redress from abusive spouses, the colonial government enacted policies with respect to particular females that they considered threats to elite households, economic productivity, and public health. The second theme of the thesis demonstrates the significant presence of propertied and entrepreneurial women in Manila Province’s urban real estate and agricultural land market, as well as in selected businesses such as money lending, water and land-based transport, panguingue operations, and small-scale cigar and cigarette manufacturing in the city’s districts. Unlike their more privileged counterparts who held a significant ownership of Manila’s built environment, disadvantaged local and migrant women marked their presence in the city through their work in well-to-do residences, markets, cigar factories, waterways, streets, and brothels. Despite her significant presence in the city’s socioeconomic life, information from newspapers and criminal cases discussed in the last two chapters also reveal how Manila’s women suffered under a pervasive patriarchy. This includes the proliferation of ideas, illustrations, and advertisements that objectified women, determined their proper roles, and relegated them to the domestic sphere. Moreover, similar to other urbanized settlements, Manila was a site where women were commonly victims of violent and sexual crimes
School abductions in Chibok and Zamfara, Nigeria : the nexus between gender, terror and official responses
School abductions in Nigeria have received global attention since 2014. Although several studies exist on gender-based terrorism in Nigeria, none has sought to understand the relationship between gender, gender constructions, terror directed towards women and girls, and official responses. This thesis, therefore, addresses gender-based terrorism in Nigeria by focusing on responses to terror on women and the girl-child. Specifically, it analyses how gender and gender constructions influenced extremist groups in Nigeria to perpetrate violence against women and girls and what responses this generated from officials nationally and internationally. The research used both primary and secondary data. The primary data was collected through semi-structured interviews with academics, journalists, officials in Nigeria, and national and international organizations. The secondary data was sourced from academic publications, video material, reports, and other information released by non-governmental organizations, the media, and state institutions in Nigeria. The findings indicate that the socio-cultural fabric of the Nigerian society influenced the reasons for and rationale behind abductions of women and girls in the country. The study found that the socio-cultural fabric of the Nigerian society had created a sense of value for women and girls, which made extremist organizations in the country regard them as, firstly, a vital economic tool for bargaining and wealth making and, secondly, as a source of achieving group cohesion and loyalty among the extremists. The research also found that official responses to the cases under study were influenced by many factors, including gender, education, human rights abuses and forced separation from families; they also reflected concern with the rise of the Islamic State (IS) coupled with the objectives of Boko Haram. Moreover, the construction of gender and gender relations was connected to terror directed towards women and girls, and to the official responses to terror, through the unequal social and power relation, and the sense of value conditioned by the construction of gender, which created an avenue for extremists to exploit women and girls for their strategic advantage. Therefore, the study argues that fostering societal transformation, promotion of gender-sensitive prevention of violent extremism, and the enactment of comprehensive legislation are key factors in challenging gender-based violence, including terror. Overall, the thesis contributes to the growing literature on gender-based terrorism and the growing number of studies in international relations that focus on gender.M-I
Human Trafficking in Southeast Asia: Uncovering the Dynamics of State Commitment and Compliance
In Part I of this Article, Renshaw explains some of the current theories about how and why states come to adopt human rights norms and then translates these norms into laws and policies. In Part II, she sets out the contours of the TVPA and the global regime with which it coexists, the United Nations Palermo Protocol. Part III considers how ASEAN States have responded to the global anti-trafficking regime. Part IV explores how ASEAN states perceive the issue of human trafficking. Part V describes how ASEAN states have responded to the threat of sanctions under the TVPA. Part VI examines the emergence of a regional framework to address human trafficking. This Article concludes that unilateral measures implemented under the TVPA disrupt regional processes and retard the internalization of human rights norms about trafficking in persons
Human Trafficking in Southeast Asia: Uncovering the Dynamics of State Commitment and Compliance
In the deep jungle that lies along the border between Thailand and Malaysia are the graves of hundreds of Burmese and Bangladeshi migrants. The graves were discovered by Thai and Malay authorities in May and July 2015, near deserted camps littered with chains and barbed wire cages. Some of the camps had been abandoned for many years, others only recently.' In the village of Tah Loh, local security guard Da-oh Saengmae recounted a hunting trip during which he sighted a set of graves in the jungle a mile across the Malaysian border: "I saw small stones and leaves and branches placed on top. I was afraid. We all just got away from the area. I knew it was the refugees - who else would be buried in the jungle?
Human Trafficking in Southeast Asia: Uncovering the Dynamics of State Commitment and Compliance
In Part I of this Article, Renshaw explains some of the current theories about how and why states come to adopt human rights norms and then translates these norms into laws and policies. In Part II, she sets out the contours of the TVPA and the global regime with which it coexists, the United Nations Palermo Protocol. Part III considers how ASEAN States have responded to the global anti-trafficking regime. Part IV explores how ASEAN states perceive the issue of human trafficking. Part V describes how ASEAN states have responded to the threat of sanctions under the TVPA. Part VI examines the emergence of a regional framework to address human trafficking. This Article concludes that unilateral measures implemented under the TVPA disrupt regional processes and retard the internalization of human rights norms about trafficking in persons
Systems action design research : delineation of an application to develop hybrid local climate services
In this thesis, a Systems Action Design Research (SADR) model was developed, which allows the Action Design Research Paradigm to be extended to process hybrid systems of stationary or changing interacting systems; including both quantitative and qualitative aspects. The crucial challenge is to get the experts and grass-root end-users to work together actively in a participatory and cocreative way instead of the foremost current expert dominated practices. Hence the basic model is engaged with an epistemic Delphi entry process, which considers the particular application. This study delineates a unique application to develop hybrid local climate services, which take into account also humanitarian values and presents three case studies done in Mozambique, Kenya, and Tanzania conducted by design thinking.Tutkimuksessa on kehitetty vuorovaikutteisten järjestelmien toiminnan suunnittelun tutkimusmalli, joka laajentaa aikaisempia toiminnan suunnittelun tutkimusmalleja stationaarisiin tai muuttuviin vuorovaikutteisiin mahdollisimman kokonaisvaltaisiin eli hybrideihin järjestelmiin. Malli ottaa huomioon sekä määrällisiä että laadullisia tekijöitä. Vielä nykyisin vallalla olevien asiantuntijapainotteisten käytäntöjen välttämättömänä haasteena on saattaa asiantuntijat ja ruohonjuuritason loppukäyttäjät työskentelemään yhteisen luovuuden merkeissä osallistavalla tavalla. Tästä syystä kehitetyn mallin olennaisena osana on episteeminen, sovelluskohtainen Delphi-prosessi. Sovelluksena toteutettavien hybridien paikallisten loppukäyttäjien tietotarpeita palvelevien mobiili-ilmastomallien osalta viitoitetaan tämän sovelluksen pääpiirteet tutkimuksessa esitetyn mallin näkökulmasta sekä esitetään kolmen Itä-Afrikassa (Mosambik, Kenia ja Tansania) suunnitteluajattelun mukaisesti toteutetun ideointiprojektin ehdotukset. Kehitettävissä mobiiliilmastopalveluissa otetaan soveltuvin osin huomioon myös humanitaariset arvot. Tulokset osoittavat, että kehitetty malli voi avata uusia näköaloja hybridien paikallisten mobiili-ilmastopalvelujen kehittämiseen ruohonjuuritason viljelijöille
Preventing Conflict, Transforming Justice, Securing the Peace: A Global Study on the Implementation of United Nations Security Council resolution 1325
To mark the fifteenth anniversary of the adoption of resolution 1325 (2000), the Security Council adopted resolution 2122 (2013) inviting the Secretary-General to conduct a review with regard to the implementation of resolution 1325. The review was to identify the gaps and challenges, as well as emerging trends and priorities for action. It requested the SecretaryGeneral to thereafter submit a report based on the findings of this review to the Security Council in October 2015. The Secretary-General requested Radhika Coomaraswamy to be the lead author of the study on the recommendation of the United Nations Standing Committee on Women, Peace and Security. UN Women was requested to be the secretariat of the study. A High-Level Advisory Group was constituted from all regions of the world to assist Ms. Coomaraswam
Tracing Sexual Violence in Conflict as a Continuum of Violence Against Women and Girls in Northern Nigeria: Pitfalls of Law and Policies
Sexual violence is a human rights infringement that causes harm in the lives of individuals when committed and may lead to severe complications, disabilities or even death. In Nigeria, women suffer from a chain of violence which is traced from regular times to post-conflict situations in addition to other social problems like gender discrimination, gender inequality, to name but a few. As a result, this work focuses on the experiences of Nigerian women with sexual violence in conflict and post-conflict settings in Northern Nigeria, especially with the abductions of girls in Borno and Yobe States between 2014 and 2018. This research approaches the problem through desk research using the socio-legal methodology, which draws insights from the interdisciplinary lens of human rights law, international security, and women/development using post-colonial feminist theory. The primary question this work poses is how the Nigerian National Action Plans (NAP) on Women, Peace and Security (WPS) can be utilized to help end the conflict-related sexual violence continuum in Nigeria and advance the protection of women against sexual violence? The research finds that there are insufficient policy guidelines and legal frameworks for the prevention or eradication of sexual violence in Nigeria, and where policy guidelines or frameworks exist, there has been poor or no implementation
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