Nonparametric dynamical model of cardiorespiratory responses at the onset and offset of treadmill exercises

© 2018, International Federation for Medical and Biological Engineering. This paper applies a nonparametric modelling method with kernel-based regularization to estimate the carbon dioxide production during jogging exercises. The kernel selection and regularization strategies have been discussed; several commonly used kernels are compared regarding the goodness-of-fit, sensitivity, and stability. Based on that, the most appropriate kernel is then selected for the construction of the regularization term. Both the onset and offset of the jogging exercises are investigated. We compare the identified nonparametric models, which include both impulse response models and step response models for the two periods, as well as the relationship between oxygen consumption and carbon dioxide production. The result statistically indicates that the steady-state gain of the carbon dioxide production in the onset of exercise is bigger than that in the offset while the response time of both onset and offset are similar. Compared with oxygen consumption, the response speed of carbon dioxide production is slightly slower in both onset and offset period while its steady-state gains are similar for both periods. The effectiveness of the kernel-based method for the dynamic modelling of cardiorespiratory response to exercise is also well demonstrated. [Figure not available: see fulltext.]

Development of Monitoring, Modelling and Control Systems for Human Physiological Assessment with Wearable Devices

University of Technology Sydney. Faculty of Engineering and Information Technology.Physiological signals play vital roles in studying the mechanism of human body reaction during exercise and human kinetics assessment. This thesis develops a wearable exercise monitoring system to monitor and regulate human cardiorespiratory responses to moderate exercise. To describe the relationship between the body’s physiological reactions and the exercise, the modelling approach has been extensively explored in a range of applications. In this thesis, the cardiorespiratory signal responses to the exercise phase are comprehensively analysed through the means of different modelling approaches. A non-parametric kernel based modelling approach has been proposed to address the complexity of the model dynamics. This thesis also develops a novel Inclination based Calibration method to address the static nonlinear modelling problem for the calibration of the sensors in an Inertial Measurement Units. The non-parametric model is the preferable method when the system structure information is insufficient, or the system is too complex to be described by a simple parametric model. Hence, the non-parametric modelling method with kernel-based regularisation is developed to estimate the physiological signal response to the exercise phase during different types of exercise. The kernel selection and regularisation strategies are discussed, and a series of simulations are performed to compare the fitness, sensitivity and stability of different kernels. For detecting the exercise phase, the innovative in-field calibration method for the portable tri-axial sensor is developed to calibrate the Inertial Measurement Units data. Based on the fact that the angle between the local gravity and magnetic field is invariant, this thesis proposed a new in-field calibration approach, called Inclination Based Calibration, which can reliably estimate the model parameters of the sensor with a simple linear Least Square estimator. Based on optimal experimental design, a 12-observation Icosahedron experimental scheme has been performed for micro Inertial Measurement Units. Both the calibrated results and the simulation comparison demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method. This monitoring and control system could comprehensively study human kinetics and cardiorespiratory mechanism and help to make assessments. Some general approaches for physiological signal processing and modelling, parameters estimation, sensor calibration and experiment protocol control are proposed in this work. The effectiveness and benefits of different modelling approaches are demonstrated by a range of means. This system could be applied in strategic exercise design, athletic assessment, exercise enhancement and health monitoring

Nonparametric Model Prediction for Intelligent Regulation of Human Cardiorespiratory System to Prescribed Exercise Medicine

© 2013 IEEE. Intelligent regulation for human exercise behaviors becomes significantly necessary for exercise medicine after the COVID-19 epidemic. The key issue of exercise regulation and its potential development for intelligent exercise is to describe human exercise physiological behaviors in a more accurate and sufficient manner. Here, a non-parametric modeling method with kernel-based regularization is presented to estimate cardiorespiratory biomarkers (i.e., oxygen uptake ( ${\dot {\text {V}}}$ O2) and carbon dioxide output ( ${\dot {\text {V}}}$ CO2) by merely non-invasively monitoring the indicator of exercise intensity (e.g., walking speed). Using the kernel-based non-parametric modeling, we show that ${\dot {\text {V}}}$ O2 and ${\dot {\text {V}}}$ CO2 behaviors in response to continuous and diversified exercise intensity stimulations can be quantitatively described. Furthermore, the dataset from the stairs experiment with a proper protocol is applied in the kernel parameter selection, and this selection approach is compared with the numerical simulation approach. The comparison results illustrate an improvement of 4.18% for oxygen uptake and 7.63% for carbon dioxide output in a half period, and 11.00% for oxygen uptake and 12.60% for carbon dioxide output in one period when using the kernel parameter selected from the stairs exercise. Moreover, the advantages of using the non-parametric model, the necessity of sufficient stimulation for identification and the importance of the kernel regularization term are also addressed in this paper. This method provides fundamental work for the practice of intelligent exercise

Modelling and regulating of cardio-respiratory response for the enhancement of interval training

Background: The interval training method has been a well known exercise protocol which helps strengthen and improve one's cardiovascular fitness.Purpose: To develop an effective training protocol to improve cardiovascular fitness based on modelling and analysis of Heart Rate (HR) and Oxygen Uptake (VO2) dynamics.Methods: In order to model the cardiorespiratory response to the onset and offset exercises, the (K4b2, Cosmed) gas analyzer was used to monitor and record the heart rate and oxygen uptake for ten healthy male subjects. An interval training protocol was developed for young health users and was simulated using a proposed RC switching model which was presented to accommodate the variations of the cardiorespiratory dynamics to running exercises. A hybrid system model was presented to describe the adaptation process and a multi-loop PI control scheme was designed for the tuning of interval training regime.Results: By observing the original data for each subject, we can clearly identify that all subjects have similar HR and VO2 profiles. The proposed model is capable to simulate the exercise responses during onset and offset exercises; it ensures the continuity of the outputs within the interval training protocol. Under some mild assumptions, a hybrid system model can describe the adaption process and accordingly a multi-loop PI controller can be designed for the tuning of interval training protocol. The self-adaption feature of the proposed controller gives the exerciser the opportunity to reach his desired setpoints after a certain number of training sessions.Conclusions: The established interval training protocol targets a range of 70-80% of HRmax which is mainly a training zone for the purpose of cardiovascular system development and improvement. Furthermore, the proposed multi-loop feedback controller has the potential to tune the interval training protocol according to the feedback from an individual exerciser. © 2014 Haddad et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd

Muscle activation patterns in shoulder impingement patients

Introduction: Shoulder impingement is one of the most common presentations of shoulder joint problems 1. It appears to be caused by a reduction in the sub-acromial space as the humerus abducts between 60o -120o – the 'painful arc'. Structures between the humeral head and the acromion are thus pinched causing pain and further pathology 2. Shoulder muscle activity can influence this joint space but it is unclear whether this is a cause or effect in impingement patients. This study aimed to observe muscle activation patterns in normal and impingement shoulder patients and determine if there were any significant differences. Method: 19 adult subjects were asked to perform shoulder abduction in their symptomatic arm and non-symptomatic. 10 of these subjects (age 47.9 ± 11.2) were screened for shoulder impingement, and 9 subjects (age 38.9 ± 14.3) had no history of shoulder pathology. Surface EMG was used to collect data for 6 shoulder muscles (Upper, middle and lower trapezius, serratus anterior, infraspinatus, middle deltoids) which was then filtered and fully rectified. Subjects performed 3 smooth unilateral abduction movements at a cadence of 16 beats of a metronome set at 60bpm, and the mean of their results was recorded. T-tests were used to indicate any statistical significance in the data sets. Significance was set at P<0.05. Results: There was a significant difference in muscle activation with serratus anterior in particular showing a very low level of activation throughout the range when compared to normal shoulder activation patterns (<30%). Middle deltoid recruitment was significantly reduced between 60-90o in the impingement group (30:58%).Trends were noted in other muscles with upper trapezius and infraspinatus activating more rapidly and erratically (63:25%; 60:27% respectively), and lower trapezius with less recruitment (13:30%) in the patient group, although these did not quite reach significance. Conclusion: There appears to be some interesting alterations in muscle recruitment patterns in impingement shoulder patients when compared against their own unaffected shoulders and the control group. In particular changes in scapula control (serratus anterior and trapezius) and lateral rotation (infraspinatus), which have direct influence on the sub-acromial space, should be noted. It is still not clear whether these alterations are causative or reactionary, but this finding gives a clear indication to the importance of addressing muscle reeducation as part of a rehabilitation programme in shoulder impingement patients

Epidemiology of Injury in English Women's Super league Football: A Cohort Study

INTRODUCTION: The epidemiology of injury in male professional football has been well documented (Ekstrand, Hägglund, & Waldén, 2011) and used as a basis to understand injury trends for a number of years. The prevalence and incidence of injuries occurring in womens super league football is unknown. The aim of this study is to estimate the prevalence and incidence of injury in an English Super League Women’s Football squad. METHODS: Following ethical approval from Leeds Beckett University, players (n = 25) signed to a Women’s Super League Football club provided written informed consent to complete a self-administered injury survey. Measures of exposure, injury and performance over a 12-month period was gathered. Participants were classified as injured if they reported a football injury that required medical attention or withdrawal from participation for one day or more. Injuries were categorised as either traumatic or overuse and whether the injury was a new injury and/or re-injury of the same anatomical site RESULTS: 43 injuries, including re-injury were reported by the 25 participants providing a clinical incidence of 1.72 injuries per player. Total incidence of injury was 10.8/1000 h (95% CI: 7.5 to 14.03). Participants were at higher risk of injury during a match compared with training (32.4 (95% CI: 15.6 to 48.4) vs 8.0 (95% CI: 5.0 to 10.85)/1000 hours, p 28 days) of which there were three non-contact anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injuries. The epidemiological incidence proportion was 0.80 (95% CI: 0.64 to 0.95) and the average probability that any player on this team will sustain at least one injury was 80.0% (95% CI: 64.3% to 95.6%) CONCLUSION: This is the first report capturing exposure and injury incidence by anatomical site from a cohort of English players and is comparable to that found in Europe (6.3/1000 h (95% CI 5.4 to 7.36) Larruskain et al 2017). The number of ACL injuries highlights a potential injury burden for a squad of this size. Multi-site prospective investigations into the incidence and prevalence of injury in women’s football are require

Proceedings of the 12th International Conference on Kinanthropology

Proceedings of the 12th Conference of Sport and Quality of Life 2019 gatheres submissions of participants of the conference. Every submission is the result of positive evaluation by reviewers from the corresponding field. Conference is divided into sections – Analysis of human movement; Sport training, nutrition and regeneration; Sport and social sciences; Active ageing and sarcopenia; Strength and conditioning training; section for PhD students

Analysis of the backpack loading efects on the human gait

Gait is a simple activity of daily life and one of the main abilities of the human being. Often during leisure, labour and sports activities, loads are carried over (e.g. backpack) during gait. These circumstantial loads can generate instability and increase biomechanicalstress over the human tissues and systems, especially on the locomotor, balance and postural regulation systems. According to Wearing (2006), subjects that carry a transitory or intermittent load will be able to find relatively efficient solutions to compensate its effects.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Biomechanical Spectrum of Human Sport Performance

Writing or managing a scientific book, as it is known today, depends on a series of major activities, such as regrouping researchers, reviewing chapters, informing and exchanging with contributors, and at the very least, motivating them to achieve the objective of publication. The idea of this book arose from many years of work in biomechanics, health disease, and rehabilitation. Through exchanges with authors from several countries, we learned much from each other, and we decided with the publisher to transfer this knowledge to readers interested in the current understanding of the impact of biomechanics in the analysis of movement and its optimization. The main objective is to provide some interesting articles that show the scope of biomechanical analysis and technologies in human behavior tasks. Engineers, researchers, and students from biomedical engineering and health sciences, as well as industrial professionals, can benefit from this compendium of knowledge about biomechanics applied to the human body