The magmatic crust of Vesta

Les astéroïdes Cérès et Vesta ont motivé la mission spatiale Dawn parce qu'ils représentent deux embryons planétaires différents restés relativement intacts depuis leur formation. Vesta est large- ment considéré comme le corps parent des météorites HED témoins d'une activité magmatique probablement due à la présence de l'isotope radioactif 26Al qui était suffisamment abondant pour permettre la fusion interne des corps rocheux primitifs. La composition d'une surface planétaire peut être mesurée grâce à l'analyse des rayons gammas qu'elle produit. Pour la sonde Dawn cela est rendu possible par l'instrument GRaND et la scintillation d'un cristal de BGO. Cette thèse présente l'analyse des spectres gammas de Vesta par deux outils de séparation aveugle de source: l'analyse en composantes indépendantes (ICA) et la factorisation en matrice non-négative (NMF). Ces méthodes sont aussi appliquées à un jeu de données lunaire comparable et déjà bien interprété. Des spectres synthétiques lunaires permettent de tester ICA et NMF. La séparation de spectres élémentaires s'avère délicate même si on peut distinguer les éléments K, Th et Fe en raison des propriétés statistiques de leur signaux sources plus favorables. On mesure la sensibilité d'ICA-NMF à la variabilité chimique de la surface pour des Lunes artificielles, ce qui permet d'expliquer l'absence de séparation d'un signal élémentaire clair dans le cas de Vesta. Malgré les observations de la sonde Dawn et le nombre important d'informations fournies par les HED, il n'y a pas de consensus sur la formation des HED. On met souvent en avant l'existence d'un océan magmatique global sur Vesta, alors que la migration de la principale source chaleur, contenue dans le premier minéral fondu, le plagioclase, ne permet pas la fusion totale. On met en oeuvre un modèle de migration des magmas, basé sur les équations de la compaction. On adapte ce modèle en utilisant un diagramme d'équilibre de phase olivine-anorthite-quartz. Cela permet de calculer l'évolution de la minéralogie en fonction du temps et de la profondeur. Les résultats montrent que les eucrites et les diogénites pourraient être une caractéristique commune des gros corps accrétés tôt dans l'histoire du système solaire.Asteroids Vesta and Ceres motivated the space mission Dawn because they represent two different planetary embryos that remained relatively intact since their formation. Vesta is broadly considered as the parent body of the HED meteorites suite that are witnesses of a magmatic activity probably due to the presence of the radioactive isotope 26 Al which was present in significant amount to cause internal melting of primitive rocky bodies. The composition of a planetary surface can be quantified through the analysis of the gamma rays it produces. This is made possible for the Dawn spacecraft by the instrument GRaND and the scintillation of a BGO crystal. This thesis presents the analysis of gamma ray spectra from Vesta by two blind source separation methods: the independent component analysis and the non negative matrix factorization. These methods are also applied to an equivalent lunar dataset already well interpreted. Lunar synthetic spectra are used to test ICA and NMF. The separation of elementary spectra is delicate although K, Th and Fe can be discriminated due to the more favorable statistical properties of their source signals. The sensitivity of separation to the chemical variability is assessed based on artificial lunar spectra, which allows to explain the lack of separation of a clear elemental signal in the case of Vesta. Despite the observations of Dawn and the important collection of HED data, there is no consensus on the conditions of the vestan magmatism. A global magma ocean is often put forward, whereas the migration of the heat source, contained in the easiest mineral to melt, plagioclase, does not allow it. A model of melt migration is implemented, based on two-phase flow equations. This model is combined with the olivine-anorthite-quartz equilibrium phase diagram. This allows to predict the mineralogy as a function of depth and time. Results obtained show that eucrites and diogenites may be a common feature of large bodies accreted early in solar system history

MS FT-2-2 7 Orthogonal polynomials and quadrature: Theory, computation, and applications

Quadrature rules find many applications in science and engineering. Their analysis is a classical area of applied mathematics and continues to attract considerable attention. This seminar brings together speakers with expertise in a large variety of quadrature rules. It is the aim of the seminar to provide an overview of recent developments in the analysis of quadrature rules. The computation of error estimates and novel applications also are described

Review of Particle Physics (2010)

A booklet is available containing the Summary Tables and abbreviated versions of some of the other sections of this full Review. All tables, listings, and reviews (and errata) are also available on the Particle Data Group website: pdg.lbl.gov.This biennial Review summarizes much of particle physics. Using data from previous editions, plus 2158 new measurements from 551 papers, we list, evaluate, and average measured properties of gauge bosons, leptons, quarks, mesons, and baryons. We also summarize searches for hypothetical particles such as Higgs bosons, heavy neutrinos, and supersymmetric particles. All the particle properties and search limits are listed in Summary Tables. We also give numerous tables, figures, formulae, and reviews of topics such as the Standard Model, particle detectors, probability, and statistics. Among the 108 reviews are many that are new or heavily revised including those on neutrino mass, mixing, and oscillations, QCD, top quark, CKM quark-mixing matrix, Vud & Vus, Vcb & Vub, fragmentation functions, particle detectors for accelerator and non-accelerator physics, magnetic monopoles, cosmological parameters, and big bang cosmology.MICINN, Spain (FPA2009-07264-E). The publication of the Review of Particle Physics is supported by the Director, Office of Science, Office of High Energy and Nuclear Physics, the Division of High Energy Physics of the U.S. Department of Energy under Contract No. DE–AC02–05CH11231; by the U.S. National Science Foundation under Agreement No. PHY-0652989; by the European Laboratory for Particle Physics (CERN); by an implementing arrangement between the governments of Japan (MEXT: Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology) and the United States (DOE) on cooperative research and development; and by the Italian National Institute of Nuclear Physics (INFN)