660 research outputs found
Denoising using local projective subspace methods
In this paper we present denoising algorithms for enhancing noisy signals based on Local ICA (LICA), Delayed AMUSE (dAMUSE)
and Kernel PCA (KPCA). The algorithm LICA relies on applying ICA locally to clusters of signals embedded in a high-dimensional
feature space of delayed coordinates. The components resembling the signals can be detected by various criteria like estimators of
kurtosis or the variance of autocorrelations depending on the statistical nature of the signal. The algorithm proposed can be applied
favorably to the problem of denoising multi-dimensional data. Another projective subspace denoising method using delayed coordinates
has been proposed recently with the algorithm dAMUSE. It combines the solution of blind source separation problems with denoising
efforts in an elegant way and proofs to be very efficient and fast. Finally, KPCA represents a non-linear projective subspace method that
is well suited for denoising also. Besides illustrative applications to toy examples and images, we provide an application of all algorithms
considered to the analysis of protein NMR spectra.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio
Técnicas baseadas em subespaços e aplicações
Doutoramento em Engenharia ElectrónicaEste trabalho focou-se no estudo de técnicas de sub-espaço tendo em vista as
aplicações seguintes: eliminação de ruído em séries temporais e extracção de
características para problemas de classificação supervisionada. Foram estudadas
as vertentes lineares e não-lineares das referidas técnicas tendo como ponto de
partida os algoritmos SSA e KPCA. No trabalho apresentam-se propostas para
optimizar os algoritmos, bem como uma descrição dos mesmos numa abordagem
diferente daquela que é feita na literatura. Em qualquer das vertentes, linear ou
não-linear, os métodos são apresentados utilizando uma formulação algébrica
consistente. O modelo de subespaço é obtido calculando a decomposição em
valores e vectores próprios das matrizes de kernel ou de correlação/covariância
calculadas com um conjunto de dados multidimensional.
A complexidade das técnicas não lineares de subespaço é discutida,
nomeadamente, o problema da pre-imagem e a decomposição em valores e
vectores próprios de matrizes de dimensão elevada. Diferentes algoritmos de préimagem
são apresentados bem como propostas alternativas para a sua
optimização. A decomposição em vectores próprios da matriz de kernel baseada
em aproximações low-rank da matriz conduz a um algoritmo mais eficiente- o
Greedy KPCA.
Os algoritmos são aplicados a sinais artificiais de modo a estudar a influência dos
vários parâmetros na sua performance. Para além disso, a exploração destas
técnicas é extendida à eliminação de artefactos em séries temporais biomédicas
univariáveis, nomeadamente, sinais EEG.This work focuses on the study of linear and non-linear subspace projective
techniques with two intents: noise elimination and feature extraction. The
conducted study is based on the SSA, and Kernel PCA algorithms.
Several approaches to optimize the algorithms are addressed along with a
description of those algorithms in a distinct approach from the one made in the
literature. All methods presented here follow a consistent algebraic formulation
to manipulate the data. The subspace model is formed using the elements from
the eigendecomposition of kernel or correlation/covariance matrices computed
on multidimensional data sets.
The complexity of non-linear subspace techniques is exploited, namely the preimage
problem and the kernel matrix dimensionality. Different pre-image
algorithms are presented together with alternative proposals to optimize them.
In this work some approximations to the kernel matrix based on its low rank
approximation are discussed and the Greedy KPCA algorithm is introduced.
Throughout this thesis, the algorithms are applied to artificial signals in order to
study the influence of the several parameters in their performance.
Furthermore, the exploitation of these techniques is extended to artefact
removal in univariate biomedical time series, namely, EEG signals.FCT - SFRH/BD/28404/200
Extracting Cardiac Information From Medical Radar Using Locally Projective Adaptive Signal Separation
Electrocardiography is the gold standard for electrical heartbeat activity, but offers no direct measurement of mechanical activity. Mechanical cardiac activity can be assessed non-invasively using, e.g., ballistocardiography and recently, medical radar has emerged as a contactless alternative modality. However, all modalities for measuring the mechanical cardiac activity are affected by respiratory movements, requiring a signal separation step before higher-level analysis can be performed. This paper adapts a non-linear filter for separating the respiratory and cardiac signal components of radar recordings. In addition, we present an adaptive algorithm for estimating the parameters for the non-linear filter. The novelty of our method lies in the combination of the non-linear signal separation method with a novel, adaptive parameter estimation method specifically designed for the non-linear signal separation method, eliminating the need for manual intervention and resulting in a fully adaptive algorithm. Using the two benchmark applications of (i) cardiac template extraction from radar and (ii) peak timing analysis, we demonstrate that the non-linear filter combined with adaptive parameter estimation delivers superior results compared to linear filtering. The results show that using locally projective adaptive signal separation (LoPASS), we are able to reduce the mean standard deviation of the cardiac template by at least a factor of 2 across all subjects. In addition, using LoPASS, 9 out of 10 subjects show significant (at a confidence level of 2.5%) correlation between the R-T-interval and the R-radar-interval, while using linear filters this ratio drops to 6 out of 10. Our analysis suggests that the improvement is due to better preservation of the cardiac signal morphology by the non-linear signal separation method. Hence, we expect that the non-linear signal separation method introduced in this paper will mostly benefit analysis methods investigating the cardiac radar signal morphology on a beat-to-beat basis
dAMUSE : a new tool for denoising and blind source separation
In this work a generalized version of AMUSE, called dAMUSE is proposed. The main modification consists in embedding the observed mixed signals in a high-dimensional feature space of delayed
coordinates. With the embedded signals a matrix pencil is formed and its generalized eigendecomposition is computed similar to the algorithm AMUSE. We show that in this case the uncorrelated
output signals are filtered versions of the unknown source signals. Further, denoising the data can be
achieved conveniently in parallel with the signal separation. Numerical simulations using artificially
mixed signals are presented to show the performance of the method. Further results of a heart rate
variability (HRV) study are discussed showing that the output signals are related with LF (low frequency) and HF (high frequency) fluctuations. Finally, an application to separate artifacts from 2D
NOESY NMR spectra and to denoise the reconstructed artefact-free spectra is presented also.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio
Recent Progress in Image Deblurring
This paper comprehensively reviews the recent development of image
deblurring, including non-blind/blind, spatially invariant/variant deblurring
techniques. Indeed, these techniques share the same objective of inferring a
latent sharp image from one or several corresponding blurry images, while the
blind deblurring techniques are also required to derive an accurate blur
kernel. Considering the critical role of image restoration in modern imaging
systems to provide high-quality images under complex environments such as
motion, undesirable lighting conditions, and imperfect system components, image
deblurring has attracted growing attention in recent years. From the viewpoint
of how to handle the ill-posedness which is a crucial issue in deblurring
tasks, existing methods can be grouped into five categories: Bayesian inference
framework, variational methods, sparse representation-based methods,
homography-based modeling, and region-based methods. In spite of achieving a
certain level of development, image deblurring, especially the blind case, is
limited in its success by complex application conditions which make the blur
kernel hard to obtain and be spatially variant. We provide a holistic
understanding and deep insight into image deblurring in this review. An
analysis of the empirical evidence for representative methods, practical
issues, as well as a discussion of promising future directions are also
presented.Comment: 53 pages, 17 figure
Novel hybrid extraction systems for fetal heart rate variability monitoring based on non-invasive fetal electrocardiogram
This study focuses on the design, implementation and subsequent verification of a new type of hybrid extraction system for noninvasive fetal electrocardiogram (NI-fECG) processing. The system designed combines the advantages of individual adaptive and non-adaptive algorithms. The pilot study reviews two innovative hybrid systems called ICA-ANFIS-WT and ICA-RLS-WT. This is a combination of independent component analysis (ICA), adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system (ANFIS) algorithm or recursive least squares (RLS) algorithm and wavelet transform (WT) algorithm. The study was conducted on clinical practice data (extended ADFECGDB database and Physionet Challenge 2013 database) from the perspective of non-invasive fetal heart rate variability monitoring based on the determination of the overall probability of correct detection (ACC), sensitivity (SE), positive predictive value (PPV) and harmonic mean between SE and PPV (F1). System functionality was verified against a relevant reference obtained by an invasive way using a scalp electrode (ADFECGDB database), or relevant reference obtained by annotations (Physionet Challenge 2013 database). The study showed that ICA-RLS-WT hybrid system achieve better results than ICA-ANFIS-WT. During experiment on ADFECGDB database, the ICA-RLS-WT hybrid system reached ACC > 80 % on 9 recordings out of 12 and the ICA-ANFIS-WT hybrid system reached ACC > 80 % only on 6 recordings out of 12. During experiment on Physionet Challenge 2013 database the ICA-RLS-WT hybrid system reached ACC > 80 % on 13 recordings out of 25 and the ICA-ANFIS-WT hybrid system reached ACC > 80 % only on 7 recordings out of 25. Both hybrid systems achieve provably better results than the individual algorithms tested in previous studies.Web of Science713178413175
Non Invasive Foetal Monitoring with a Combined ECG - PCG System
Although modern ultrasound provides remarkable images and biophysical measures, the technology is expensive and the observations are only available over a short time. Longer term monitoring is achieved in a clinical setting using ultrasonic Doppler cardiotocography (CTG) but this has a number of limitations. Some pathologies and some anomalies of cardiac functioning are not detectable with CTG. Moreover, although frequent and/or long-term foetal heart rate (FHR) monitoring is recommended, mainly in high risk pregnancies, there is a lack of established evidence for safe ultrasound irradiation exposure to the foetus for extended periods (Ang et al., 2006). Finally, high quality ultrasound devices are too expensive and not approved for home care use. In fact, there is a remarkable mismatch between ability to examine a foetus in a clinical setting, and the almost complete absence of technology that permits longer term monitoring of a foetus at home. Therefore, in the last years, many efforts (Hany et al., 1989; Jimenez et al., 1999; Kovacs et al., 2000; Mittra et al., 2008; Moghavvemi et al., 2003; Nagal, 1986; Ruffo et al., 2010; Talbert et al., 1986; Varady et al., 2003) have been attempted by the scientific community to find a suitable alternative
A Study of Nonlinear Approaches to Parallel Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has revolutionized radiology in the past four decades by its ability to visualize not only the detailed anatomical structures, but also function and metabolism information. A major limitation with MRI is its low imaging speed, which makes it difficult to image the moving objects. Parallel MRI (pMRI) is an emerging technique to increase the speed of MRI. It acquires the MRI data from multiple coils simultaneously such that fast imaging can be achieved by reducing the amount of data acquired in each coil. Several methods have developed to reconstruct the original image using the reduced data from multiple coils based on their distinct spatial sensitivities. Among the existing methods, Sensitivity Encoding (SENSE) and GeneRally Autocalibrating Partially Parallel Acquisition (GRAPPA) are commercially used reconstruction methods for parallel MRI. Both methods use linear approaches for image reconstruction. GRAPPA is known to outperform SENSE because no coil sensitivities are needed in reconstruction. However, GRAPPA can only accelerate the speed by a factor of 2-3. The objective of this dissertation is to develop novel techniques to significantly improve the acceleration factor upon the existing GRAPPA methods. Motivated by the success of recent study in our group which has demonstrated the benefit of nonlinear approaches for SENSE, in this dissertation, nonlinear approaches are studied for GRAPPA. Based on the fact that GRAPPA needs a calibration step before reconstruction, nonlinear models are investigated in both calibration and reconstruction using a kernel method widely used in machine learning. In addition, compressed sensing (CS), a nonlinear optimization technique will also be incorporated for even higher accelerations. In order to reduce the computation time, a nonlinear approach is proposed to reduce the effective number of coils in reconstruction. The imaging speed is expected to improve by a factor of 4-6 using the proposed nonlinear techniques. These new techniques will find many applications in accurate brain imaging, dynamic cardiac imaging, functional imaging, and so forth
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