1,560 research outputs found
Memory consolidation in the cerebellar cortex
Several forms of learning, including classical conditioning of the eyeblink, depend upon the cerebellum. In examining mechanisms of eyeblink conditioning in rabbits, reversible inactivations of the control circuitry have begun to dissociate aspects of cerebellar cortical and nuclear function in memory consolidation. It was previously shown that post-training cerebellar cortical, but not nuclear, inactivations with the GABA(A) agonist muscimol prevented consolidation but these findings left open the question as to how final memory storage was partitioned across cortical and nuclear levels. Memory consolidation might be essentially cortical and directly disturbed by actions of the muscimol, or it might be nuclear, and sensitive to the raised excitability of the nuclear neurons following the loss of cortical inhibition. To resolve this question, we simultaneously inactivated cerebellar cortical lobule HVI and the anterior interpositus nucleus of rabbits during the post-training period, so protecting the nuclei from disinhibitory effects of cortical inactivation. Consolidation was impaired by these simultaneous inactivations. Because direct application of muscimol to the nuclei alone has no impact upon consolidation, we can conclude that post-training, consolidation processes and memory storage for eyeblink conditioning have critical cerebellar cortical components. The findings are consistent with a recent model that suggests the distribution of learning-related plasticity across cortical and nuclear levels is task-dependent. There can be transfer to nuclear or brainstem levels for control of high-frequency responses but learning with lower frequency response components, such as in eyeblink conditioning, remains mainly dependent upon cortical memory storage
Π€ΡΠ½ΠΊΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ ΠΈ ΡΡΠ½ΠΊΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ Π±Π»ΠΎΠΊΠΈ ΠΌΠΎΠ·Π³Π° ΠΏΠΎΡΠ»Π΅ ΠΡΡΠΈΡ, Ρ ΠΡΡΠΈΡ: Π°Π½Π°ΡΠΎΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ Π°ΡΠΏΠ΅ΠΊΡΡ
Original manuscript received February 4, 2020.Revised manuscript accepted March 18, 2020.This paper describes the anatomical aspects of a functional brain model that develops A. R. Luriaβs ideas. Five functional brain units are described on the basis of ontogenetic, anatomical, histological, functional, and clinical studies: preferential or primordial (unit I), limbic (unit II), cortical (unit III), basal ganglia (unit IV), and cerebellar (unit V). This review allows two large integrated and interrelated functional complexes to be distinguished: a primordial-limbic complex (units I and II) and a supralimbic one (units, III, IV and V). There is consensus that there exists a clear interplay among the cortex, the basal ganglia, and the cerebellum. Three main simplified parallel cortico-basal ganglia systems have been recognized: limbic, associative, and sensorimotor. Certain structures (e. g. neuromodulatory systems, hypothalamus, and paralimbic cortex) form functional links among units. Future studies are required to develop and improve the proposed model.Π Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠ΅ ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΡΡΡ ΠΈΠ΄Π΅ΠΈ Π. Π . ΠΡΡΠΈΡ, ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠ΅ΡΡ Π°Π½Π°ΡΠΎΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
Π°ΡΠΏΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΎΠ² ΡΡΠ½ΠΊΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π΅Π»ΠΈ ΠΌΠΎΠ·Π³Π°. ΠΠ° ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΠΎΠ½ΡΠΎΠ³Π΅Π½Π΅ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
, Π°Π½Π°ΡΠΎΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
, Π³ΠΈΡΡΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
, ΡΡΠ½ΠΊΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΈ ΠΊΠ»ΠΈΠ½ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΉ ΠΎΠΏΠΈΡΠ°Π½Ρ ΠΏΡΡΡ ΡΡΠ½ΠΊΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
Π±Π»ΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ² ΠΌΠΎΠ·Π³Π°: ΠΏΡΠ΅ΠΈΠΌΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ²ΠΈΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ (Π±Π»ΠΎΠΊ I), Π»ΠΈΠΌΠ±ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ (Π±Π»ΠΎΠΊ II), ΠΊΠΎΡΠΊΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅ (Π±Π»ΠΎΠΊ III), Π±Π°Π·Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ Π³Π°Π½Π³Π»ΠΈΠΈ (Π±Π»ΠΎΠΊ IV) ΠΈ ΠΌΠΎΠ·ΠΆΠ΅ΡΠΎΠΊ (Π±Π»ΠΎΠΊ V). ΠΡΠΎΡ ΠΎΠ±Π·ΠΎΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ»ΡΠ΅Ρ Π²ΡΠ΄Π΅Π»ΠΈΡΡ Π΄Π²Π° ΠΊΡΡΠΏΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅Π³ΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΡΡ
ΠΈ Π²Π·Π°ΠΈΠΌΠΎΡΠ²ΡΠ·Π°Π½Π½ΡΡ
ΡΡΠ½ΠΊΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΠ°: ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠΎΡΠ΄ΠΈΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎ-Π»ΠΈΠΌΠ±ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡ (Π±Π»ΠΎΠΊΠΈ I, II) ΠΈ ΡΡΠΏΡΠ°Π»ΠΈΠΌΠ±ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡ (Π±Π»ΠΎΠΊΠΈ III, IV, V). Π‘ΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²ΡΠ΅Ρ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΡΡ, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠΉ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ°Π²Π»ΡΠ΅Ρ ΡΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ΅ Π²Π·Π°ΠΈΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΠΉΡΡΠ²ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄Ρ ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΠΉ Π³ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ²Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΌΠΎΠ·Π³Π°, Π±Π°Π·Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠΌΠΈ Π³Π°Π½Π³Π»ΠΈΡΠΌΠΈ ΠΈ ΠΌΠΎΠ·ΠΆΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ. Π Π°Π·Π»ΠΈΡΠ°ΡΡ ΡΡΠΈ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π½ΡΠ΅ ΡΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΠ°ΡΠ°Π»Π»Π΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ ΠΊΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΊΠΎ-Π±Π°Π·Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
Π³Π°Π½Π³Π»ΠΈΠ΅Π²: Π»ΠΈΠΌΠ±ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΡΡ, Π°ΡΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ°ΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΡΡ ΠΈ ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΠΎΠΌΠΎΡΠΎΡΠ½ΡΡ. ΠΠ΅ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅ ΡΡΡΡΠΊΡΡΡΡ (Π½Π°ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Ρ, Π½Π΅ΠΉΡΠΎΠΌΠΎΠ΄ΡΠ»ΠΈΡΡΡΡΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ, Π³ΠΈΠΏΠΎΡΠ°Π»Π°ΠΌΡΡ ΠΈ ΠΏΠ°ΡΠ°Π»ΠΈΠΌΠ±ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠ°Ρ ΠΊΠΎΡΠ°) ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΡΡΡ ΡΡΠ½ΠΊΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ²ΡΠ·ΠΈ ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄Ρ Π±Π»ΠΎΠΊΠ°ΠΌΠΈ. ΠΠ»Ρ ΡΠ°Π·ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠΊΠΈ ΠΈ ΡΠ»ΡΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π»Π°Π³Π°Π΅ΠΌΠΎΠΉ ΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π΅Π»ΠΈ Π½Π΅ΠΎΠ±Ρ
ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΌΡ Π΄Π°Π»ΡΠ½Π΅ΠΉΡΠΈΠ΅ ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ
Neurophysiological responses to stressful motion and anti-motion sickness drugs as mediated by the limbic system
Performance is characterized in terms of attention and memory, categorizing extrinsic mechanism mediated by ACTH, norepinephrine and dopamine, and intrinsic mechanisms as cholinergic. The cholinergic role in memory and performance was viewed from within the limbic system and related to volitional influences of frontal cortical afferents and behavioral responses of hypothalamic and reticular system efferents. The inhibitory influence of the hippocampus on the autonomic and hormonal responses mediated through the hypothalamus, pituitary, and brain stem are correlated with the actions of such anti-motion sickness drugs as scopolamine and amphetamine. These drugs appear to exert their effects on motion sickness symptomatology through diverse though synergistic neurochemical mechanisms involving the septohippocampal pathway and other limbic system structures. The particular impact of the limbic system on an animal's behavioral and hormonal responses to stress is influenced by ACTH, cortisol, scopolamine, and amphetamine
The Aging Navigational System
The discovery of neuronal systems dedicated to computing spatial information, composed of functionally distinct cell types such as place and grid cells, combined with an extensive body of human-based behavioral and neuroimaging research has provided us with a detailed understanding of the brain's navigation circuit. In this review, we discuss emerging evidence from rodents, non-human primates, and humans that demonstrates how cognitive aging affects the navigational computations supported by these systems. Critically, we show 1) that navigational deficits cannot solely be explained by general deficits in learning and memory,Β 2) that there is no uniform decline across different navigational computations, and 3) that navigational deficits might be sensitive markers for impending pathological decline. Following an introduction to the mechanisms underlying spatial navigation and how they relate to general processes of learning and memory, the review discusses how aging affects the perception and integration of spatial information, the creation and storage of memory traces for spatial information, and the use of spatial information during navigational behavior. The closing section highlights the clinical potential of behavioral and neural markers of spatial navigation, with a particular emphasis on neurodegenerative disorders
From Parallel Sequence Representations to Calligraphic Control: A Conspiracy of Neural Circuits
Calligraphic writing presents a rich set of challenges to the human movement control system. These challenges include: initial learning, and recall from memory, of prescribed stroke sequences; critical timing of stroke onsets and durations; fine control of grip and contact forces; and letter-form invariance under voluntary size scaling, which entails fine control of stroke direction and amplitude during recruitment and derecruitment of musculoskeletal degrees of freedom. Experimental and computational studies in behavioral neuroscience have made rapid progress toward explaining the learning, planning and contTOl exercised in tasks that share features with calligraphic writing and drawing. This article summarizes computational neuroscience models and related neurobiological data that reveal critical operations spanning from parallel sequence representations to fine force control. Part one addresses stroke sequencing. It treats competitive queuing (CQ) models of sequence representation, performance, learning, and recall. Part two addresses letter size scaling and motor equivalence. It treats cursive handwriting models together with models in which sensory-motor tmnsformations are performed by circuits that learn inverse differential kinematic mappings. Part three addresses fine-grained control of timing and transient forces, by treating circuit models that learn to solve inverse dynamics problems.National Institutes of Health (R01 DC02852
The Role of Neurosciences in Education... and Vice Versa
One of the key questions in education is how the learning process in the classroom takes place and how different environmental and individual circumstances (attention, motivation, nutrition, stimulus presentation, etc.) can enhance the childβs capabilities to learn and to remember. These and other cognitive skills are shaped as a consequence of the infant brain activity. Therefore, the provision of any information (included that obtained using animal models) relating to how the brain builds up learning and memory should be of high adaptive value. It is considered that an effort is needed to establish both a common language between education and neuroscience and a clear framework for exchanging questions and data
The cerebellum and motor dysfunction in neuropsychiatric disorders
The cerebellum is densely interconnected with sensory-motor areas of the cerebral cortex, and in man, the great expansion of the association areas of cerebral cortex is also paralleled by an expansion of the lateral cerebellar hemispheres. It is therefore likely that these circuits contribute to non-motor cognitive functions, but this is still a controversial issue. One approach is to examine evidence from neuropsychiatric disorders of cerebellar involvement. In this review, we narrow this search to test whether there is evidence of motor dysfunction associated with neuropsychiatric disorders consistent with disruption of cerebellar motor function. While we do find such evidence, especially in autism, schizophrenia and dyslexia, we caution that the restricted set of motor symptoms does not suggest global cerebellar dysfunction. Moreover, these symptoms may also reflect involvement of other, extra-cerebellar circuits and detailed examination of specific sub groups of individuals within each disorder may help to relate such motor symptoms to cerebellar morphology
Non-invasive cerebellar stimulation in dystonia
Primary isolated dystonia is a hyperkinetic movement disorder whereby involuntary muscle contractions cause twisted and abnormal postures. Dystonia of the cervical spine and upper limb may present as sustained muscle contractions or task-specific activity when using the hand or upper limb. There is little understanding of the pathophysiology underlying dystonia and this presents a challenge for clinicians and researchers alike. Emerging evidence that the cerebellum is involved in the pathophysiology of dystonia using network models presents the intriguing concept that the cerebellum could provide a novel target for non-invasive brain stimulation. Non-invasive stimulation to increase cerebellar excitability improved aspects of handwriting and circle drawing in a small cohort of people with focal hand and cervical dystonia. Mechanisms underlying the improvement in function are unknown, but putative pathways may involve the red nucleus and/or the cervical propriospinal system. Furthermore, recent understanding that the cerebellum has both motor and cognitive functions suggests that non-invasive cerebellar stimulation may improve both motor and non-motor aspects of dystonia. We propose a combination of motor and non-motor tasks that challenge cerebellar function may be combined with cerebellar non-invasive brain stimulation in the treatment of focal dystonia. Better understanding of how the cerebellum contributes to dystonia may be gained by using network models such as our putative circuits involving red nucleus and/or the cervical propriospinal system. Finally, novel treatment interventions encompassing both motor and non-motor functions of the cerebellum may prove effective for neurological disorders that exhibit cerebellar dysfunction. Β© Versita Sp. z o.o
- β¦