Unifying Geometry and Mesh Adaptive Refinement Using Loop Subdivision

RÉSUMÉ Cette thèse présente une nouvelle approche pour le raffinement de trois types de maillages : courbes, surfaces triangulaires et maillages tétraédriques tridimensionnels. Cette approche utilise des représentations par subdivisions afin de définir, modifier, analyser et visualiser des modèles géométriques de topologie arbitraire pour les applications de simulation numérique. Les représentations par subdivisions sont générées à l’aide des subdivisions de Loop. Après avoir étudié les inconvénients du manque de flexibilité dans le contrôle des niveaux de détails et du manque de précision dans les représentations de modèles géométriques utilisant les subdivisions itératives, approximatives et non-uniformes pour se rapprocher des modèles simulés, nous introduisons une nouvelle méthode de subdivision adaptative pour le raffinement de maillages. Cette méthode de raffinement à un seul niveau a été développée afin de supporter les subdivisions adaptatives pour les trois types de maillages. Cette méthode évite le stockage par hiérarchie et les problèmes d’assemblage rencontrés durant la génération des maillages multi-résolutions par subdivisions, surtout pour les maillages tétraédriques. La mise en œuvre de subdivisions pour les maillages adaptatifs tétraédriques amène deux innovations : la configuration de forme de fractionnement des tétraèdres et l’amélioration de la paramétrisation des surfaces de subdivision. La combinaison naturelle de ces deux innovations permet la génération par subdivision de maillages multi-résolutions tétraédriques dont les surfaces frontières sont exactement sur les limites de subdivision. Notre recherche contient cinq parties. Premièrement, nous développons un schéma de Loop pour la subdivision des solides, lequel permet d’intégrer le fractionnement topologique des arêtes avec le lissage géométrique des surfaces frontières. Deuxièmement, nous fusionnons les raffinements adaptatifs avec les techniques de subdivision, ce qui permet la subdivision adaptive complète du maillage tout en ayant les surfaces frontières projetées sur les limites de subdivision. Troisièmement, nous étudions et comparons des techniques existantes de paramétrisation des surfaces de subdivision, ce qui permet d’obtenir directement la limite de subdivision de toutes positions arbitraires sur les surfaces de subdivision de Loop. Quatrièmement, nous construisons les règles de création des sommets fixes et des arêtes vives du schéma de subdivision de Loop pour les modèles solides, ce qui permet de préserver les caractéristiques anguleuses des surfaces frontières des maillages tétraédriques. Finalement, nous utilisons un critère de qualité des maillages pour valider nos résultats et nous présentons la performance des calculs en ce qui a trait à la modélisation des solides.----------ABSTRACT In this thesis, we present a new refinement approach on three types of meshes: curves, triangular surfaces and 3D tetrahedral meshes. This approach utilizes subdivision-based representations to create, modify, analyze and visualize geometric models with arbitrary topology for numerical simulation applications. The subdivision-based representations are generated by utilizing Loop subdivisions. After studying the disadvantage of lack of flexibility in controlling LODs (Level Of Details) and accuracy in representing geometric models by using the non-uniform approximating subdivision iterations to approach simulated models, we introduce adaptive subdivisions in our refinement work. We develop a single-level refinement method to support adaptive subdivisions on the three types of meshes. This single-level method eliminates the hierarchy storage and the stitching issues encountered during the generation of multi-resolution subdivision meshes, especially 3D tetrahedral meshes. The implementation of adaptive tetrahedral mesh subdivisions brings up two innovations: the configuration of tetrahedron split patterns and the improvement in subdivision surface parameterizations. The natural combination of these two innovations fulfills generating multi-resolution subdivision tetrahedral meshes, whose boundary surfaces lie exactly on their subdivision limits. Our research work includes five parts. Firstly, we develop the Loop-based solid subdivision scheme, which permits integrating edge-based topological splits with geometrical smoothing on boundary surfaces. Secondly, we merge subdivision techniques with adaptive refinements with, which permits whole meshes to be adaptively subdivided and boundary meshes to be projected to their subdivision limits. Thirdly, we study and compare the existing subdivision surface parameterization techniques, which eventually permits obtaining the limit subdivision of any arbitrary position on Loop subdivision surfaces. Fourthly, we complete vertex and edge crease creation rules of the Loop-based solid subdivision scheme, which permits preserving sharp features on boundary surfaces of 3D tetrahedral meshes. Finally, we use a mesh quality evaluator to validate our results and we evaluate system performance in the context of solid modeling

Reconstruction de formes tubulaires à partir de nuages de points : application à l’estimation de la géométrie forestière

Les capacités des technologies de télédétection ont augmenté exponentiellement au cours des dernières années : de nouveaux scanners fournissent maintenant une représentation géométrique de leur environnement sous la forme de nuage de points avec une précision jusqu'ici inégalée. Le traitement de nuages de points est donc devenu une discipline à part entière avec ses problématiques propres et de nombreux défis à relever. Le coeur de cette thèse porte sur la modélisation géométrique et introduit une méthode robuste d'extraction de formes tubulaires à partir de nuages de points. Nous avons choisi de tester nos méthodes dans le contexte applicatif difficile de la foresterie pour mettre en valeur la robustesse de nos algorithmes et leur application à des données volumineuses. Nos méthodes intègrent les normales aux points comme information supplémentaire pour atteindre les objectifs de performance nécessaire au traitement de nuages de points volumineux.Cependant, ces normales ne sont généralement pas fournies par les capteurs, il est donc nécessaire de les pré-calculer.Pour préserver la rapidité d'exécution, notre premier développement a donc consisté à présenter une méthode rapide d'estimation de normales. Pour ce faire nous avons approximé localement la géométrie du nuage de points en utilisant des "patchs" lisses dont la taille s'adapte à la complexité locale des nuages de points. Nos travaux se sont ensuite concentrés sur l’extraction robuste de formes tubulaires dans des nuages de points denses, occlus, bruités et de densité inhomogène. Dans cette optique, nous avons développé une variante de la transformée de Hough dont la complexité est réduite grâce aux normales calculées. Nous avons ensuite couplé ces travaux à une proposition de contours actifs indépendants de leur paramétrisation. Cette combinaison assure la cohérence interne des formes reconstruites et s’affranchit ainsi des problèmes liés à l'occlusion, au bruit et aux variations de densité. Notre méthode a été validée en environnement complexe forestier pour reconstruire des troncs d'arbre afin d'en relever les qualités par comparaison à des méthodes existantes. La reconstruction de troncs d'arbre ouvre d'autres questions à mi-chemin entre foresterie et géométrie. La segmentation des arbres d'une placette forestière est l'une d’entre elles. C'est pourquoi nous proposons également une méthode de segmentation conçue pour contourner les défauts des nuages de points forestiers et isoler les différents objets d'un jeu de données. Durant nos travaux nous avons utilisé des approches de modélisation pour répondre à des questions géométriques, et nous les avons appliqué à des problématiques forestières.Il en résulte un pipeline de traitements cohérent qui, bien qu'illustré sur des données forestières, est applicable dans des contextes variés.Abstract : The potential of remote sensing technologies has recently increased exponentially: new sensors now provide a geometric representation of their environment in the form of point clouds with unrivalled accuracy. Point cloud processing hence became a full discipline, including specific problems and many challenges to face. The core of this thesis concerns geometric modelling and introduces a fast and robust method for the extraction of tubular shapes from point clouds. We hence chose to test our method in the difficult applicative context of forestry in order to highlight the robustness of our algorithms and their application to large data sets. Our methods integrate normal vectors as a supplementary geometric information in order to achieve the performance goal necessary for large point cloud processing. However, remote sensing techniques do not commonly provide normal vectors, thus they have to be computed. Our first development hence consisted in the development of a fast normal estimation method on point cloud in order to reduce the computing time on large point clouds. To do so, we locally approximated the point cloud geometry using smooth ''patches`` of points which size adapts to the local complexity of the point cloud geometry. We then focused our work on the robust extraction of tubular shapes from dense, occluded, noisy point clouds suffering from non-homogeneous sampling density. For this objective, we developed a variant of the Hough transform which complexity is reduced thanks to the computed normal vectors. We then combined this research with a new definition of parametrisation-invariant active contours. This combination ensures the internal coherence of the reconstructed shapes and alleviates issues related to occlusion, noise and variation of sampling density. We validated our method in complex forest environments with the reconstruction of tree stems to emphasize its advantages and compare it to existing methods. Tree stem reconstruction also opens new perspectives halfway in between forestry and geometry. One of them is the segmentation of trees from a forest plot. Therefore we also propose a segmentation approach designed to overcome the defects of forest point clouds and capable of isolating objects inside a point cloud. During our work we used modelling approaches to answer geometric questions and we applied our methods to forestry problems. Therefore, our studies result in a processing pipeline adapted to forest point cloud analyses, but the general geometric algorithms we propose can also be applied in various contexts

Development and applications of the Finite Point Method to compressible aerodynamics problems

This work deals with the development and application of the Finite Point Method (FPM) to compressible aerodynamics problems. The research focuses mainly on investigating the capabilities of the meshless technique to address practical problems, one of the most outstanding issues in meshless methods. The FPM spatial approximation is studied firstly, with emphasis on aspects of the methodology that can be improved to increase its robustness and accuracy. Suitable ranges for setting the relevant approximation parameters and the performance likely to be attained in practice are determined. An automatic procedure to adjust the approximation parameters is also proposed to simplify the application of the method, reducing problem- and user-dependence without affecting the flexibility of the meshless technique. The discretization of the flow equations is carried out following wellestablished approaches, but drawing on the meshless character of the methodology. In order to meet the requirements of practical applications, the procedures are designed and implemented placing emphasis on robustness and efficiency (a simplification of the basic FPM technique is proposed to this end). The flow solver is based on an upwind spatial discretization of the convective fluxes (using the approximate Riemann solver of Roe) and an explicit time integration scheme. Two additional artificial diffusion schemes are also proposed to suit those cases of study in which computational cost is a major concern. The performance of the flow solver is evaluated in order to determine the potential of the meshless approach. The accuracy, computational cost and parallel scalability of the method are studied in comparison with a conventional FEM-based technique. Finally, practical applications and extensions of the flow solution scheme are presented. The examples provided are intended not only to show the capabilities of the FPM, but also to exploit meshless advantages. Automatic hadaptive procedures, moving domain and fluid-structure interaction problems, as well as a preliminary approach to solve high-Reynolds viscous flows, are a sample of the topics explored. All in all, the results obtained are satisfactorily accurate and competitive in terms of computational cost (if compared with a similar mesh-based implementation). This indicates that meshless advantages can be exploited with efficiency and constitutes a good starting point towards more challenging applications.En este trabajo se aborda el desarrollo del Método de Puntos Finitos (MPF) y su aplicación a problemas de aerodinámica de flujos compresibles. El objetivo principal es investigar el potencial de la técnica sin malla para la solución de problemas prácticos, lo cual constituye una de las limitaciones más importantes de los métodos sin malla. En primer lugar se estudia la aproximación espacial en el MPF, haciendo hincapié en aquéllos aspectos que pueden ser mejorados para incrementar la robustez y exactitud de la metodología. Se determinan rangos adecuados para el ajuste de los parámetros de la aproximación y su comportamiento en situaciones prácticas. Se propone además un procedimiento de ajuste automático de estos parámetros a fin de simplificar la aplicación del método y reducir la dependencia de factores como el tipo de problema y la intervención del usuario, sin afectar la flexibilidad de la técnica sin malla. A continuación se aborda el esquema de solución de las ecuaciones del flujo. La discretización de las mismas se lleva a cabo siguiendo métodos estándar, pero aprovechando las características de la técnica sin malla. Con el objetivo de abordar problemas prácticos, se pone énfasis en la robustez y eficiencia de la implementación numérica (se propone además una simplificación del procedimiento de solución). El comportamiento del esquema se estudia en detalle para evaluar su potencial y se analiza su exactitud, coste computacional y escalabilidad, todo ello en comparación con un método convencional basado en Elementos Finitos. Finalmente se presentan distintas aplicaciones y extensiones de la metodología desarrollada. Los ejemplos numéricos pretenden demostrar las capacidades del método y también aprovechar las ventajas de la metodología sin malla en áreas en que la misma puede ser de especial interés. Los problemas tratados incluyen, entre otras características, el refinamiento automático de la discretización, la presencia de fronteras móviles e interacción fluido-estructura, como así también una aplicación preliminar a flujos compresibles de alto número de Reynolds. Los resultados obtenidos muestran una exactitud satisfactoria. Además, en comparación con una técnica similar basada en Elementos Finitos, demuestran ser competitivos en términos del coste computacional. Esto indica que las ventajas de la metodología sin malla pueden ser explotadas con eficiencia, lo cual constituye un buen punto de partida para el desarrollo de ulteriores aplicaciones.Postprint (published version

Development and applications of the finite point method to compressible aerodynamics problems

This work deals with the development and application of the Finite Point Method (FPM) to compressible aerodynamics problems. The research focuses mainly on investigating the capabilities of the meshless technique to address practical problems, one of the most outstanding issues in meshless methods. The FPM spatial approximation is studied firstly, with emphasis on aspects of the methodology that can be improved to increase its robustness and accuracy. Suitable ranges for setting the relevant approximation parameters and the performance likely to be attained in practice are determined. An automatic procedure to adjust the approximation parameters is also proposed to simplify the application of the method, reducing problem- and user-dependence without affecting the flexibility of the meshless technique. The discretization of the flow equations is carried out following wellestablished approaches, but drawing on the meshless character of the methodology. In order to meet the requirements of practical applications, the procedures are designed and implemented placing emphasis on robustness and efficiency (a simplification of the basic FPM technique is proposed to this end). The flow solver is based on an upwind spatial discretization of the convective fluxes (using the approximate Riemann solver of Roe) and an explicit time integration scheme. Two additional artificial diffusion schemes are also proposed to suit those cases of study in which computational cost is a major concern. The performance of the flow solver is evaluated in order to determine the potential of the meshless approach. The accuracy, computational cost and parallel scalability of the method are studied in comparison with a conventional FEM-based technique. Finally, practical applications and extensions of the flow solution scheme are presented. The examples provided are intended not only to show the capabilities of the FPM, but also to exploit meshless advantages. Automatic hadaptive procedures, moving domain and fluid-structure interaction problems, as well as a preliminary approach to solve high-Reynolds viscous flows, are a sample of the topics explored. All in all, the results obtained are satisfactorily accurate and competitive in terms of computational cost (if compared with a similar mesh-based implementation). This indicates that meshless advantages can be exploited with efficiency and constitutes a good starting point towards more challenging applications

Adaptive video delivery using semantics

The diffusion of network appliances such as cellular phones, personal digital assistants and hand-held computers has created the need to personalize the way media content is delivered to the end user. Moreover, recent devices, such as digital radio receivers with graphics displays, and new applications, such as intelligent visual surveillance, require novel forms of video analysis for content adaptation and summarization. To cope with these challenges, we propose an automatic method for the extraction of semantics from video, and we present a framework that exploits these semantics in order to provide adaptive video delivery. First, an algorithm that relies on motion information to extract multiple semantic video objects is proposed. The algorithm operates in two stages. In the first stage, a statistical change detector produces the segmentation of moving objects from the background. This process is robust with regard to camera noise and does not need manual tuning along a sequence or for different sequences. In the second stage, feedbacks between an object partition and a region partition are used to track individual objects along the frames. These interactions allow us to cope with multiple, deformable objects, occlusions, splitting, appearance and disappearance of objects, and complex motion. Subsequently, semantics are used to prioritize visual data in order to improve the performance of adaptive video delivery. The idea behind this approach is to organize the content so that a particular network or device does not inhibit the main content message. Specifically, we propose two new video adaptation strategies. The first strategy combines semantic analysis with a traditional frame-based video encoder. Background simplifications resulting from this approach do not penalize overall quality at low bitrates. The second strategy uses metadata to efficiently encode the main content message. The metadata-based representation of object's shape and motion suffices to convey the meaning and action of a scene when the objects are familiar. The impact of different video adaptation strategies is then quantified with subjective experiments. We ask a panel of human observers to rate the quality of adapted video sequences on a normalized scale. From these results, we further derive an objective quality metric, the semantic peak signal-to-noise ratio (SPSNR), that accounts for different image areas and for their relevance to the observer in order to reflect the focus of attention of the human visual system. At last, we determine the adaptation strategy that provides maximum value for the end user by maximizing the SPSNR for given client resources at the time of delivery. By combining semantic video analysis and adaptive delivery, the solution presented in this dissertation permits the distribution of video in complex media environments and supports a large variety of content-based applications

Analyse de l'architecture de la matière blanche et projection de mesures sur la surface corticale

L'étude de l'architecture et de la connectivité structurelle du cerveau est possible grâce à l'imagerie par résonance magnétique de diffusion (IRMd). Ce type d’image, similaire à un champ vectoriel tridimensionnel, combiné à un algorithme nommé tractographie, permet d’inférer la distribution des fibres de matière blanche et ainsi de reconstruire la structure locale du tissu. Or, cette méthode demeure limitée par une basse résolution et un faible rapport signal sur bruit. Afin de contourner ces limitations, des modèles géométriques construits à partir d’aprioris anatomiques sont utilisés. Cette thèse montre que des règles et des contraintes basées sur la modélisation corticale peuvent être intégrées à la tractographie par le biais d’équations de géométrie différentielle. En effet, la structure axonale sous-jacente à la matière grise peut être approximée avec l'utilisation de la surface et d'un flot de courbure moyenne. Pondéré par l’information de densité, ce flot permet d’obtenir une meilleure représentation des projections des fibres de matière blanche sous le cortex. D'ailleurs, le fait d’incorporer la surface corticale, obtenue d’une image anatomique haute résolution, à l’IRMd permet d'augmenter la précision de la tractographie. Puisque l'acquisition d'une image anatomique (pondération T1) est toujours faite lors d'une IRMd, la combinaison des deux est une façon simple et peu coûteuse d'améliorer cette technique de reconstruction. Par ailleurs, discrétiser les surfaces corticales à l'aide de maillages, plutôt qu’avec des masques voxeliques, permet non seulement d'augmenter la précision de l'interface, mais d'intégrer facilement de nouveaux aprioris et de mieux choisir la répartition des positions initiales. L'ajout d'aprioris et de modèles géométriques permet de mieux modéliser près du cortex et ainsi connecter jusqu'aux surfaces corticales. Cette connexion rend possible la projection de mesures de la matière blanche le long du cortex, un domaine également utilisé pour plusieurs analyses anatomiques (ex. épaisseur corticale), magnéto-/électro-encéphalographie (MEG/EEG) et IRM fonctionnelle (IRMf). L'intégration de ces surfaces corticales à la tractographie a un impact important pour les recherches multimodales sur la connectivité cérébrale

Segmentation of medical images under topological constraints

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, February 2006.Includes bibliographical references (p. 135-142).Major advances in the field of medical imaging over the past two decades have provided physicians with powerful, non-invasive techniques to probe the structure, function, and pathology of the human body. This increasingly vast and detailed amount of information constitutes a great challenge for the medical imaging community, and requires significant innovations in all aspect of image processing. To achieve accurate and topologically-correct delineations of anatomical structures from medical images is a critical step for many clinical and research applications. In this thesis, we extend the theoretical tools applicable to the segmentation of images under topological control, apply these new concepts to broaden the class of segmentation methodologies, and develop generally applicable and well-founded algorithms to achieve accurate segmentations of medical images under topological constraints. First, we introduce a digital concept that offers more flexibility in controlling the topology of digital segmentations. Second, we design a level set framework that offers a subtle control over the topology of the level set components. Our method constitutes a trade-off between traditional level sets and topology-preserving level sets.(cont.) Third, we develop an algorithm for the retrospective topology correction of 3D digital segmentations. Our method is nested in the theory of Bayesian parameter estimation, and integrates statistical information into the topology correction process. In addition, no assumption is made on the topology of the initial input images. Finally, we propose a genetic algorithm to accurately correct the spherical topology of cortical surfaces. Unlike existing approaches, our method is able to generate several potential topological corrections and to select the maximum-a-posteriori retessellation in a Bayesian framework. Our approach integrates statistical, geometrical, and shape information into the correction process, providing optimal solutions relatively to the MRI intensity profile and the expected curvature.by Florent Ségonne.Ph.D

Biometric Systems

Biometric authentication has been widely used for access control and security systems over the past few years. The purpose of this book is to provide the readers with life cycle of different biometric authentication systems from their design and development to qualification and final application. The major systems discussed in this book include fingerprint identification, face recognition, iris segmentation and classification, signature verification and other miscellaneous systems which describe management policies of biometrics, reliability measures, pressure based typing and signature verification, bio-chemical systems and behavioral characteristics. In summary, this book provides the students and the researchers with different approaches to develop biometric authentication systems and at the same time includes state-of-the-art approaches in their design and development. The approaches have been thoroughly tested on standard databases and in real world applications

Factors Affecting Human Achilles Sub-tendon Mechanical Behaviour and the Clinical Application Potential

The human Achilles tendon is composed of three twisted sub-tendons, arising from soleus and gastrocnemii muscles, but the interaction between these sub-tendons during body movements is largely unknown. The most widely reported phenomenon is the non-uniform intra-tendinous displacements during movements; however, how this non-uniformity contributes to the overall tendon mechanical behaviour has not been thoroughly studied. This thesis aims to investigate the potential factors affecting this intra-tendinous displacement non-uniformity, by conducting mechanical and material characterisation and in silico modelling on Achilles sub-tendons, and to discover possibilities to translate these findings into clinical applications. The study conducted on the equine bifurcated tendon-ligament model demonstrated that differences in the material and mechanical properties at the fascicle and sub-tendon levels may be associated with displacement non-uniformity. Human Achilles sub-tendon material properties were not statistically different but a greater cross-sectional area, failure force and displacement were found in the soleus than gastrocnemii sub-tendons. These results suggest that the material and mechanical properties of sub-tendons may affect the overall tendon level mechanical behaviour. Finite element analysis on three reconstructed Achilles sub-tendon models identified that reduced inter-sub-tendon sliding, as reported previously in aged tendons, reduced displacement non-uniformity. Comparing the results from different models further suggested that the inherent tendon morphology, with different length, twist, and sub-tendon arrangements, could result in different tendon level displacements and stress distributions. The results from Raman spectroscopy on both equine and human tendon tissues demonstrated the ability to differentiate tendon samples with known compositional differences based on spectral features alone, suggesting that Raman spectroscopy has the potential for rapid analysis of tendon compositions in the future. In conclusion, this thesis has identified three factors that could affect the overall Achilles tendon mechanical behaviour and proposed potential approaches for future clinical applications to improve tendon healthcare