3,460 research outputs found

    Evolving into a Regional Innovation System: How Governance impact on Innovation in Shenzhen and Dongguan, China?

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    Governance constitutes elementary supportive infrastructure for regional innovation systems. This paper extends the evolutionary lens of governance into initial industrialization phase and examines the impact of their evolution into regional innovation systems on fostering innovation activities. Drawing on the empirical substances in Shenzhen and Dongguan, China, a path-dependent nature of institutional design on supporting innovation has been discovered. The paper shows that the dirigiste globalized production system in Shenzhen in 1980s has gradually evolved to a higher level of interactive regional innovation system than the grassroots globalized production system in Dongguan, where innovation is still passively managed by global players. Finally, policy implication is discussed for the construction of regional innovation systems under different governance modalities in the initial industrialization phase.ego-networks, geographical proximity, innovation performance, knowledge networks, technological relatedness

    Reimagining the notion of Hong Kong as an education hub: National imperative for higher education policy

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    This article examines the evolving concept of Hong Kong as an education hub, with a focus on the influence of the Greater Bay Area (GBA) strategy on higher education development. It begins by reviewing the impacts of the policy of developing Hong Kong into an education hub on the cityโ€™s educational landscape and global competitiveness. Subsequently, the article investigates the GBAโ€™s role as a subnational higher education region, highlighting the heightened strategic cooperation between Hong Kong and the Chinese Mainland in the higher education arena. The cases of the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen and the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Guangzhou are examined as examples of cross-border education in the GBA, shedding light on their role in fostering research collaboration and knowledge exchange. The article reimagines the notion of an education hub, underscoring Hong Kongโ€™s transition from a gateway to a radiator, and discusses the implications of this shift for the cityโ€™s global and national positioning. Through this analysis, the article examines the dynamics and future prospects of education hub in Hong Kong, particularly within the context of emphasising integration with the Chinese Mainland

    Transnational Collaboration Within Higher Education in China: Context, Characteristics, and Challenges

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    This paper discusses the development of transnational collaboration in Chinese higher education (TNHE). TNHE refers to arrangements and institutional partnerships between Educational Institutions, in which the students are located in different countries from the one in which the awarding institution is based. Through analyzing the cases of TNHE in China, we found that the convergence/globalization model and the borrowing/localization model are two main TNHE prototypes. TNHE in China is guided by the Government, which is aiming to enhance Chinaโ€™s international competitiveness, in a globalizing world. This paper discusses the consumers and the operation of TNHE in China. In addition to the context analysis, critical factors for the success of TNHE in China are addressed, consisting of the long-term strategic vision, governance, management, and strategy. TNHE in China faces several challenges, including duplication of similar projects, quality assurance and legal status. Based on the comprehensive analysis, a business model of TNHE of China is proposed

    ์ง€์—ญํ˜์‹ ์ฒด์ œ์˜ ๋‹ค์–‘์„ฑ๊ณผ ํ›„๋ฐœ ์ง€์—ญ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์ œ ์ถ”๊ฒฉ

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ(๋ฐ•์‚ฌ) -- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ์‚ฌํšŒ๊ณผํ•™๋Œ€ํ•™ ๊ฒฝ์ œํ•™๋ถ€, 2022. 8. ์ด๊ทผ.ํ˜์‹ ์€ ๊ฒฝ์ œ ์„ฑ์žฅ๊ณผ ๊ฒฝ์ œ ์ถ”๊ฒฉ์— ์žˆ์–ด ์ค‘์ถ”์ ์ธ ์—ญํ• ์„ ํ•ด์™”๋‹ค. ๋™์•„์‹œ์•„ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋“ค์ด ๋ณด์—ฌ์ค€ ๊ฒƒ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์ด ํ˜์‹ ์€ ์ค‘์ง„๊ตญ ํ•จ์ • ๋‹จ๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๋„˜์–ด ๊ฒฝ์ œ์  ์ถ”๊ฒฉ์„ ์ง€์†ํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ ์žˆ์–ด์„œ, ๊ฐ€๊ฒฉ์ด๋‚˜ ๋น„์šฉ์ ์ธ ์š”์†Œ๋ณด๋‹ค ๋” ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์š”์ธ์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์˜ ํ˜์‹ ์—ญ๋Ÿ‰ ํ˜น์€ ํ˜์‹ ์˜ ํšจ์œจ์„ฑ์„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๊ตญ๊ฐ€ ํ˜์‹ ์ฒด์ œ๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฐœ๋…์ด ๊ณ ์•ˆ๋˜์—ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ, ์ด๋Š” ์Š˜ํŽ˜ํ„ฐ ๊ฒฝ์ œํ•™์˜ ํ•ต์‹ฌ์ ์ธ ๊ฐœ๋…์ด๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€ ๋‹จ์œ„์˜ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์— ์ดˆ์ ์ด ๋งž์ถฐ์ง„ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€ํ˜์‹ ์ฒด์ œ๋กœ๋Š” ๊ตญ๊ฐ€ ๋‚ด ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์ง€์—ญ์˜ ์ด์งˆ์ ์ธ ํŠน์„ฑ์„ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ถ„์„ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์ง€์—ญํ˜์‹ ์ฒด์ œ๋ผ๋Š” ๋ถ„์„ํ‹€์ด ํ•„์š”ํ–ˆ๊ณ  1990๋…„๋Œ€๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์ง€์—ญํ˜์‹ ์ฒด์ œ์˜ ๊ฐœ๋…์ด ํ™•๋ฆฝ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ์„ธ๊ณ„ ์ฃผ์š” ๋„์‹œ์˜ ์ง€์—ญํ˜์‹ ์ฒด์ œ ๋ถ„์„์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋„์‹œ/์ง€์—ญ ๊ฐ„ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ํŠน์ง•๋“ค์„ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด๊ณ , ํŠนํžˆ ๋น ๋ฅธ ๊ฒฝ์ œ์„ฑ์žฅ์„ ๋ณด์ด๋Š” ์ถ”๊ฒฉํ˜• ์ง€์—ญ๋“ค์ด ์„ ์ง„ ์ง€์—ญ๋“ค๊ณผ ์–ด๋–ค ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ํŠน์„ฑ์„ ๋ณด์ด๋Š” ์ง€์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์•Œ์•„๋ณด๊ณ ์ž ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ์ง€์—ญํ˜์‹ ์ฒด์ œ๋ฅผ ์–‘์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ธก์ •ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด 7๊ฐ€์ง€์˜ ์ง€ํ‘œ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ, ์ง€์‹์˜ ์ง€์—ญํ™”, ๊ตญ๋‚ดํ™”, ๊ตญ์ œํ™” ์ง€์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ํฌํ•จํ•ด, ์ง€์‹ ์†Œ์œ ๊ถŒ์˜ ํ† ์ฐฉํ™” ์ •๋„, ๊ธฐ์ˆ ๋‹ค๊ฐํ™”, ์ง€์‹๋ถ„๊ถŒ๋„, ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์‚ฌ์ดํด ๋“ฑ์ด๋‹ค. ๊ตญ๊ฐ€ํ˜์‹ ์ฒด์ œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ์ง€์‹์„ ์ฐฝ์ถœํ•  ๋•Œ ๊ตญ๋‚ด ์ง€์‹์„ ์ด์šฉํ•˜๋Š”์ง€ ํ•ด์™ธ ์ง€์‹์„ ์ด์šฉํ•˜๋Š”์ง€, ๋‘ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์ฐจ์›์œผ๋กœ๋งŒ ๋‚˜๋ˆ„์–ด์ง€์ง€๋งŒ, ์ง€์—ญ ๋‹จ์œ„์˜ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ๊ฐ™์€ ์ง€์—ญ์˜ ์ง€์‹์„ ์ด์šฉํ•˜๋Š”์ง€, ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์ด์ง€๋งŒ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ง€์—ญ์˜ ์ง€์‹์„ ์ด์šฉํ•˜๋Š”์ง€, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์˜ ์ง€์‹์„ ์ด์šฉํ•˜๋Š”์ง€ ๋“ฑ ์„ธ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์ฐจ์›์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜๋ˆ„์–ด์ง€๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์—, ์ƒˆ๋กญ๊ฒŒ ๊ตญ๋‚ดํ™” ์ง€์ˆ˜๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฐœ๋…์ด ์ถ”๊ฐ€๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ํ† ์ฐฉ ์ง€์‹์ด ํ˜์‹ ์— ์žˆ์–ด ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์—ญํ• ์„ ํ•˜๋Š”์ง€์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์•Œ์•„๋ณด๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด, ํ† ์ฐฉ์ง€์‹์„ ์ธก์ •ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ง€์‹ ์†Œ์œ ์˜ ํ† ์ฐฉํ™”์ •๋„ ๋ณ€์ˆ˜๋„ ์ƒˆ๋กญ๊ฒŒ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด ์ถ”๊ฐ€ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ฒซ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ์žฅ์—์„œ๋Š” ์•„์‹œ์•„์—์„œ ๊ณตํ†ต์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ค‘์ง„๊ตญ ํ•จ์ •์—์„œ ๋ฒ—์–ด๋‚˜ ๋น ๋ฅธ ๊ฒฝ์ œ์„ฑ์žฅ์„ ๋ณด์ด๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๋Œ€๋งŒ์˜ ํƒ€์ดํŽ˜์ด, ์ค‘๊ตญ์˜ ์‹ฌ์ฒœ, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋ง๋ ˆ์ด์‹œ์•„์˜ ํŽ˜๋‚ญ์˜ ์ง€์—ญํ˜์‹ ์ฒด์ œ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋น„๊ต ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ํ•˜๊ณ , ์‹ฌ์ฒœ์ด ํƒ€์ดํŽ˜์ด๋ฅผ ํŽ˜๋‚ญ๋ณด๋‹ค ๋” ๋น ๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ์ถ”๊ฒฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋˜ ์ด์œ ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ง€์—ญํ˜์‹ ์ฒด์ œ ๊ด€์ ์—์„œ ๋ถ„์„ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ตญ๊ฐ€ํ˜์‹ ์ฒด๊ณ„ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ํ›„๋ฐœ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋“ค์ด ์„ ์ง„๊ตญ๋“ค์„ ์ถ”๊ฒฉํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ ๋‹จ์ฃผ๊ธฐ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ๋กœ์˜ ํŠนํ™”๊ฐ€ ์ค‘์š”ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ž‘์šฉํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•˜์˜€์ง€๋งŒ, ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ์„ธ ์ง€์—ญ ๋ชจ๋‘ ๋‹จ์ฃผ๊ธฐ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์— ํŠนํ™”ํ–ˆ์Œ์—๋„ ๋ถˆ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ  1์ธ๋‹น GRDP์™€ ๊ฒฝ์ œ ์„ฑ์žฅ๋ฅ ์—์„œ ์ฐจ์ด๋ฅผ ๋ณด์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋ณด์ธ ์ด์œ ๋Š” ๊ตญ์ œํ™” ์ง€์ˆ˜ (์™ธ๊ตญ๊ธฐ์ˆ  ์˜์กด๋„)๊ฐ€ ํƒ€์ดํŽ˜์ด์™€ ์‹ฌ์ฒœ์ง€์—ญ์—์„œ ๋‚ฎ๊ณ , ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ง€์‹ ์†Œ์œ ์˜ ํ† ์ฐฉํ™” ์ •๋„๊ฐ€ ํŽ˜๋‚ญ๋ณด๋‹ค ๋†’๊ฒŒ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ, ์„ธ ์ง€์—ญ์˜ ๋น„๊ต ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด, ์ง€์—ญ ๊ฐ„ ๊ฒฝ์ œ์ถ”๊ฒฉ์— ์žˆ์–ด ํ† ์ฐฉ ์ง€์‹์˜ ์ฆ๊ฐ€์™€ ๊ทธ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ํ•ด์™ธ ์ง€์‹์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์˜์กด๋„ ๊ฐ์†Œ๊ฐ€ ์–ผ๋งˆ๋‚˜ ์ค‘์š”ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ž‘์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ์ง€๋ฅผ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‘ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ์žฅ์—์„œ๋Š” ์•ž ์žฅ์—์„œ ๋‹ค๋ฃจ์—ˆ๋˜ ํƒ€์ดํŽ˜์ด, ์‹ฌ์ฒœ, ํŽ˜๋‚ญ์„ ํฌํ•จํ•œ ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„ 30๊ฐœ ์ง€์—ญ์˜ ์ง€์—ญํ˜์‹  ์ฒด์ œ์˜ ํŠน์ง•์„ 2001๋…„์—์„œ 2017๋…„๊นŒ์ง€์˜ ์ง€์—ญํ˜์‹ ์ฒด์ œ ๋ณ€์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด๊ณ , ํด๋Ÿฌ์Šคํ„ฐ ๋ถ„์„์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์œ ํ˜•ํ™”๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ์ง€์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌํ•œ๋‹ค. ํด๋Ÿฌ์Šคํ„ฐ ๋ถ„์„ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ, ์ง€์—ญ์ด ๋‹จ์ฃผ๊ธฐ ํ˜น์€ ์žฅ์ฃผ๊ธฐ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์— ํŠนํ™”ํ•˜๋Š”์ง€, ํ† ์ฐฉ ์ง€์‹์ด ํฐ์ง€ ์ž‘์€์ง€์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ, ์ด ๋„ค ๊ฐœ์˜ ์ง€์—ญ ํ˜์‹  ์ฒด๊ณ„ ๊ทธ๋ฃน์œผ๋กœ ๋ถ„๋ฅ˜๊ฐ€ ๋œ๋‹ค. ์ฒซ์งธ ์œ ํ˜•์€ ์„ ์ง„๊ตญ ํ˜•์œผ๋กœ, ๊ตญ์ œํ™” ์ •๋„ (ํ•ด์™ธ์ง€์‹ ์˜์กด๋„)๊ฐ€ ๋‚ฎ๊ณ , ๋†’์€ ํ† ์ฐฉ์†Œ์œ ํ™”, ๊ธฐ์ˆ ๋‹ค๊ฐํ™”, ๋ฐ ๋ถ„๊ถŒํ™”๋ฅผ ๋ณด์ธ๋‹ค. ์ถ”๊ฒฉํ˜• ์œ ํ˜•์€ ๋‘๊ฐ€์ง€๋กœ ๋‚˜๋ˆ„์–ด ์ง€๋Š”๋ฐ, ๋ณด๋‹ค ๊ณ ๋„ํ™”๋œ ์œ ํ˜•์€ ํ•œ๊ตญ์ด๋‚˜ ๋Œ€๋งŒ์˜ ๋„์‹œ์™€ ๊ฐ™์ด ํ•ด์™ธ์ง€์‹ ์˜์กด๋„๊ฐ€ ๋‚ฎ๊ณ , ์ง€์‹์˜ ํ† ์ฐฉ์†Œ์œ ํ™” ์ •๋„๊ฐ€ ๋†’์€ ์œ ํ˜•์ด๊ณ , ๋œ ๊ณ ๋„ํ™”๋œ ์œ ํ˜•์€ ํŽ˜๋‚ญ์ด๋‚˜ ๋ฐฉ๊ฐˆ๋กœ์™€ ๊ฐ™์ด ํ•ด์™ธ์ง€์‹ ์˜์กด๋„๊ฐ€ ๋†’๊ณ , ํ† ์ฐฉ์†Œ์œ ํ™” ์ •๋„๊ฐ€ ๋‚ฎ์€ ์œ ํ˜•์ด๋‹ค. ์„ธ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ์žฅ์—์„œ๋Š” ๋‘ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ์žฅ์—์„œ ํด๋Ÿฌ์Šคํ„ฐ ๋ถ„์„์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋˜ ์ง€์—ญํ˜์‹ ์ฒด์ œ ๊ทธ๋ฃน๋“ค๊ณผ ๊ฒฝ์ œ์„ฑ์žฅ๋ฅ ์˜ ์ƒ๊ด€๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ์•Œ๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ํšŒ๊ท€๋ถ„์„์„ ์ง„ํ–‰ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ, ๋‹จ์ฃผ๊ธฐ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์— ํŠนํ™”๋œ ๋‘ ๊ฐ€์ง€์˜ ์ถ”๊ฒฉํ˜• ๊ทธ๋ฃน๋“ค์ด ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋น ๋ฅธ ๊ฒฝ์ œ ์„ฑ์žฅ๋ฅ ์„ ๋ณด์ด๋ฉฐ ์„ ์ง„ ์ง€์—ญ(์žฅ์ฃผ๊ธฐ ๊ธฐ์ˆ  ํŠนํ™”โˆ™๋†’์€ ํ† ์ฐฉ์ง€์‹)์„ ๋น ๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ์ถ”๊ฒฉํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ค€๋‹ค. ์„ธ ๊ฐœ์˜ ์žฅ์„ ์ข…ํ•ฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด๋ฉด, ์ง€์—ญ ํ˜์‹ ์ฒด์ œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋„ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€ ํ˜์‹ ์ฒด์ œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์™€ ๋งˆ์ฐฌ๊ฐ€์ง€๋กœ, ํ›„๋ฐœ์ง€์—ญ๋“ค์˜ ์ถ”๊ฒฉํ˜• ์ง€์—ญ ํ˜์‹ ์ฒด์ œ์˜ ํŠน์ง•์„ ํ™•์ •์ง€์šธ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ํŠนํžˆ, ๋˜‘ ๊ฐ™์ด ๋‹จ์ฃผ๊ธฐ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ๋กœ์˜ ํŠนํ™”ํ•˜๋Š” ํ›„๋ฐœ ์ง€์—ญ ๊ฐ„์—๋„ ์ถ”๊ฒฉ์„ฑ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ๋‹ค๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€, ๊ฒฐ๊ตญ ์ง€์‹์†Œ์œ ์˜ ํ† ์ฐฉํ™”์˜ ์ œ๊ณ ์™€ ํ•ด์™ธ ์ง€์‹์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์˜์กด๋„๋ฅผ ์ค„์ด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์„ ๊ฒฐ ์กฐ๊ฑด์ž„์„ ๋ฐํžŒ ๊ฒƒ์ด ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ๊ณตํ—Œ์ด๋‹ค.Innovation plays a critical role in economic growth and economic catch-up. As Asian countries have witnessed, innovation is more important than price or cost when economies overcome the middle-income trap and sustain their economic growth. National innovation systems (NIS), a key concept for Schumpeterian economies, was introduced to represent the innovation capacity or efficiency of countries. However, given that NIS focuses on national-level analysis, the regional heterogeneities within a nation cannot be easily explained by this concept. To address this problem, a new framework called regional innovation systems (RIS) emerged in the 1990s. This dissertation examines the different innovation-related characteristics of cities/regions around the world using the concept of RIS and reveals the differences between catching-up and advanced regions. This study uses seven variables to numerically measure RIS, namely, knowledge localization, nationalization, internationalization, local ownership of knowledge, technological diversification, knowledge decentralization, and technological cycle time. In NIS analysis, knowledge citation is divided into two dimensions, namely, citing locally invented patents and citing foreign patents, whereas in RIS analysis, three dimensions are employed, namely, local patent citation, national patent citation, and international patent citation. In this way, the new concept of nationalization is added in this RIS research. This study also uses local ownership of knowledge to measure the level of indigenous knowledge in a city/region. The first chapter presents a comparative analysis of the RISs of Taipei in Taiwan, Shenzhen in China, and Penang in Malaysia to understand why Shenzhen is catching up with Taipei much faster than Penang in terms of RIS. In NIS analysis, latecomer economies need to specialize in short cycle technologies. However, this study only focuses on the divergence between per capita GRDP and economic growth rate even if the three aforementioned regions all specialize in the same short-cycle technologies because the levels of internationalization in Taipei and Shenzhen are lower than that of Penang, that is, Taipei and Shenzhen have a lower dependence on foreign knowledge compared with Penang, whereas the local ownership of knowledge for Taipei and Shenzhen is higher than that for Penang. Through this comparative analysis, this study highlights the importance of increasing indigenous knowledge and decreasing reliance on foreign knowledge in regional economic catch-up. The second chapter explores the RIS characteristics of 30 regions over the world to derive a typology of RIS via cluster analysis. On the basis of the cluster analysis results, four groups of RISs are classified depending on whether a region specializes in short- or long-cycle technologies and whether indigenous knowledge is large or small. The first group is the mature RIS group, which has a low level of internationalization (reliance on foreign knowledge) and high levels of local ownership of knowledge, diversification, and decentralization, whereas the second group is the catching-up RIS group, which is further divided into two types. First, cities/countries with more advanced catching-up RIS, such as South Korea and Taiwan, have low reliance on foreign knowledge and high indigenous knowledge. Second, cities/countries with less advanced catching-up RIS, including Penang and Bangalore, have low level of indigenous knowledge and high dependence on foreign knowledge. The third chapter empirically investigates the linkage between the RIS groups resulting from cluster analysis, and economic growth . The catching-up RIS cities/countries that specialize in short-cycle technologies show a faster growth rate compared with others, and catch up with advanced region fast with specialization in long cycle technologies and high indigenous knowledge . By considering the three aforementioned regions, the characteristics of catching-up RIS for latecomer regions as reported in the RIS and NIS analyses are the same. Improving local ownership of knowledge and decreasing reliance on foreign knowledge are prerequisites for regional economic catch-up in regions with different catching-up performances even if the latecomer regions specialize in similar short-cycle technologies.I. Introduction 1 II. Literature Review and Research Questions 3 1. National Innovation Systems 3 2. Regional Innovation Systems and Research Questions 4 3. Definition of RIS Variables 5 III. Case Study of RIS in Asia: Comparing the Regions of Penang, Shenzhen, and Taipei 10 1. Economic Backgrounds of the Three Regions 10 2. Key Aspects of Catch-Up and Hypothesis 14 3. Results 16 4. Three Models of Catching-Up: Taipei, Shenzhen, and Penang 22 5. Concluding Remarks 27 IV. Varieties of RIS and Catching-Up RIS 30 1. Introduction 30 2. Data and Methodology: Cluster Analysis 31 3. Backgrounds of Economies and Hypothesis 32 4. Identifying the Varieties of RIS 35 5. Conclusion 59 V. Linking RIS Groups to Economic Growth 61 1. Introduction 61 2. Cluster analysis 61 3. Literature Review and Hypothesis 63 4. Methodology and Model 64 5. Data 65 6. Result 66 7. Conclusion 69 โ…ฅ. Contributions and Limitations 70 1. Key Findings 70 2. Contributions and Limitations 71 References 72 Appendices 78๋ฐ•

    Organization, Program and Structure: An Analysis of the Chinese Innovation Policy Framework

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    The paper first identifies the stakeholders involved in the design and implementation of Chinaโ€™s innovation policy and compares them with different government systems in selected Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) countries. In order to disclose the relative strength and weaknesses inside Chinaโ€™s innovation policy framework, we proceed to utilize policy practices in the OECD countries as a guideline to examine China's innovation policy in five categories: reform in the public S&T institutions, financial policy, business innovation support structure, human resource policy and legislative actions. Subsequently, several weak components of the Chinese innovation policy framework are identified and two of them are selected for further analysis: education and human resource policy, and protection of Intellectual Property Rights (IPR). Finally, the paper provides some priorities and possible actions for future innovation policy developments in China.

    Chinese regional innovation systems in times of crisis: the case of Guangdong

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    The dynamic economic development of Guangdong province is one of the most prominent examples of China's catch-up in the course of the past two decades. Once chosen as the nation's first experimental field for the market economy, the province continued to participate above average in national economic growth ever since. Up to today, it maintains a leading position with regard to general industrial performance and average personal income. As China's industry begins to embark on a path of technological up-grading, however, this pre-eminent position begins to be challenged. In the nation's emerging fields of strength, the province's rivals, Beijing and Shanghai, are in a better starting position since they are better endowed with both R&D capacities and qualified human capital. In this context, our paper illustrates the resulting challenges by means of a number of specialized indicators and explains why, despite a continously impres-sive export performance in the high-tech sectors, Guangdong is far from well prepared to maintain its current position. Finally, it briefly describes the policy responses that have been developed, concluding that despite clear evidence of progress some key issues with regard to regional innovation policy appear to remain unaddressed. --

    2017 China Global Think Tank Innovation Forum

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    The Second Global Think Tank Innovation Summit was held on June 23 and 24, 2017, in Qingdao, China. It comes at an interesting time in global politics and economics. The states under political regime changes have proven robust enough to navigate upsets that defined the year 2016, from Brexit to the impeachment of Brazilโ€™s and South Koreaโ€™s presidents. However, the world still faces looming dangers, such as worsening geopolitical competition, weakening economic liberalism and the growing disparities between the winners and losers of globalization
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