3,460 research outputs found
Evolving into a Regional Innovation System: How Governance impact on Innovation in Shenzhen and Dongguan, China?
Governance constitutes elementary supportive infrastructure for regional innovation systems. This paper extends the evolutionary lens of governance into initial industrialization phase and examines the impact of their evolution into regional innovation systems on fostering innovation activities. Drawing on the empirical substances in Shenzhen and Dongguan, China, a path-dependent nature of institutional design on supporting innovation has been discovered. The paper shows that the dirigiste globalized production system in Shenzhen in 1980s has gradually evolved to a higher level of interactive regional innovation system than the grassroots globalized production system in Dongguan, where innovation is still passively managed by global players. Finally, policy implication is discussed for the construction of regional innovation systems under different governance modalities in the initial industrialization phase.ego-networks, geographical proximity, innovation performance, knowledge networks, technological relatedness
Reimagining the notion of Hong Kong as an education hub: National imperative for higher education policy
This article examines the evolving concept of Hong Kong as an education hub, with a focus on the influence of the Greater Bay Area (GBA) strategy on higher education development. It begins by reviewing the impacts of the policy of developing Hong Kong into an education hub on the cityโs educational landscape and global competitiveness. Subsequently, the article investigates the GBAโs role as a subnational higher education region, highlighting the heightened strategic cooperation between Hong Kong and the Chinese Mainland in the higher education arena. The cases of the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen and the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Guangzhou are examined as examples of cross-border education in the GBA, shedding light on their role in fostering research collaboration and knowledge exchange. The article reimagines the notion of an education hub, underscoring Hong Kongโs transition from a gateway to a radiator, and discusses the implications of this shift for the cityโs global and national positioning. Through this analysis, the article examines the dynamics and future prospects of education hub in Hong Kong, particularly within the context of emphasising integration with the Chinese Mainland
Transnational Collaboration Within Higher Education in China: Context, Characteristics, and Challenges
This paper discusses the development of transnational collaboration in Chinese higher education (TNHE). TNHE refers to arrangements and institutional partnerships between Educational Institutions, in which the students are located in different countries from the one in which the awarding institution is based. Through analyzing the cases of TNHE in China, we found that the convergence/globalization model and the borrowing/localization model are two main TNHE prototypes. TNHE in China is guided by the Government, which is aiming to enhance Chinaโs international competitiveness, in a globalizing world. This paper discusses the consumers and the operation of TNHE in China. In addition to the context analysis, critical factors for the success of TNHE in China are addressed, consisting of the long-term strategic vision, governance, management, and strategy. TNHE in China faces several challenges, including duplication of similar projects, quality assurance and legal status. Based on the comprehensive analysis, a business model of TNHE of China is proposed
์ง์ญํ์ ์ฒด์ ์ ๋ค์์ฑ๊ณผ ํ๋ฐ ์ง์ญ์ ๊ฒฝ์ ์ถ๊ฒฉ
ํ์๋
ผ๋ฌธ(๋ฐ์ฌ) -- ์์ธ๋ํ๊ต๋ํ์ : ์ฌํ๊ณผํ๋ํ ๊ฒฝ์ ํ๋ถ, 2022. 8. ์ด๊ทผ.ํ์ ์ ๊ฒฝ์ ์ฑ์ฅ๊ณผ ๊ฒฝ์ ์ถ๊ฒฉ์ ์์ด ์ค์ถ์ ์ธ ์ญํ ์ ํด์๋ค. ๋์์์ ๊ตญ๊ฐ๋ค์ด ๋ณด์ฌ์ค ๊ฒ๊ณผ ๊ฐ์ด ํ์ ์ ์ค์ง๊ตญ ํจ์ ๋จ๊ณ๋ฅผ ๋์ด ๊ฒฝ์ ์ ์ถ๊ฒฉ์ ์ง์ํ๋๋ฐ ์์ด์, ๊ฐ๊ฒฉ์ด๋ ๋น์ฉ์ ์ธ ์์๋ณด๋ค ๋ ์ค์ํ ์์ธ์ด์๋ค. ๊ตญ๊ฐ์ ํ์ ์ญ๋ ํน์ ํ์ ์ ํจ์จ์ฑ์ ๋ํ๋ด๊ธฐ ์ํด ๊ตญ๊ฐ ํ์ ์ฒด์ ๋ผ๋ ๊ฐ๋
์ด ๊ณ ์๋์๋๋ฐ, ์ด๋ ์ํํฐ ๊ฒฝ์ ํ์ ํต์ฌ์ ์ธ ๊ฐ๋
์ด๋ค. ํ์ง๋ง ๊ตญ๊ฐ ๋จ์์ ์ฐ๊ตฌ์ ์ด์ ์ด ๋ง์ถฐ์ง ๊ตญ๊ฐํ์ ์ฒด์ ๋ก๋ ๊ตญ๊ฐ ๋ด ์ฌ๋ฌ ์ง์ญ์ ์ด์ง์ ์ธ ํน์ฑ์ ๊ณ ๋ คํ์ฌ ๋ถ์ํ ์ ์๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ ๊ธฐ ๋๋ฌธ์ ์ง์ญํ์ ์ฒด์ ๋ผ๋ ๋ถ์ํ์ด ํ์ํ๊ณ 1990๋
๋๋ถํฐ ์ง์ญํ์ ์ฒด์ ์ ๊ฐ๋
์ด ํ๋ฆฝ๋์๋ค. ๋ณธ ์ฐ๊ตฌ์์๋ ์ธ๊ณ ์ฃผ์ ๋์์ ์ง์ญํ์ ์ฒด์ ๋ถ์์ ํตํด ๋์/์ง์ญ ๊ฐ ๋ค๋ฅธ ํน์ง๋ค์ ์ดํด๋ณด๊ณ , ํนํ ๋น ๋ฅธ ๊ฒฝ์ ์ฑ์ฅ์ ๋ณด์ด๋ ์ถ๊ฒฉํ ์ง์ญ๋ค์ด ์ ์ง ์ง์ญ๋ค๊ณผ ์ด๋ค ๋ค๋ฅธ ํน์ฑ์ ๋ณด์ด๋ ์ง์ ๋ํด ์์๋ณด๊ณ ์ ํ๋ค.
๋ณธ ์ฐ๊ตฌ์์๋ ์ง์ญํ์ ์ฒด์ ๋ฅผ ์์ ์ผ๋ก ์ธก์ ํ๊ธฐ ์ํด 7๊ฐ์ง์ ์งํ๋ฅผ ์ฌ์ฉํ๋๋ฐ, ์ง์์ ์ง์ญํ, ๊ตญ๋ดํ, ๊ตญ์ ํ ์ง์๋ฅผ ํฌํจํด, ์ง์ ์์ ๊ถ์ ํ ์ฐฉํ ์ ๋, ๊ธฐ์ ๋ค๊ฐํ, ์ง์๋ถ๊ถ๋, ๊ธฐ์ ์ฌ์ดํด ๋ฑ์ด๋ค. ๊ตญ๊ฐํ์ ์ฒด์ ์ฐ๊ตฌ์์๋ ์ง์์ ์ฐฝ์ถํ ๋ ๊ตญ๋ด ์ง์์ ์ด์ฉํ๋์ง ํด์ธ ์ง์์ ์ด์ฉํ๋์ง, ๋ ๊ฐ์ง ์ฐจ์์ผ๋ก๋ง ๋๋์ด์ง์ง๋ง, ์ง์ญ ๋จ์์ ์ฐ๊ตฌ์์๋ ๊ฐ์ ์ง์ญ์ ์ง์์ ์ด์ฉํ๋์ง, ๊ฐ์ ๊ตญ๊ฐ์ด์ง๋ง ๋ค๋ฅธ ์ง์ญ์ ์ง์์ ์ด์ฉํ๋์ง, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ ๋ค๋ฅธ ๊ตญ๊ฐ์ ์ง์์ ์ด์ฉํ๋์ง ๋ฑ ์ธ ๊ฐ์ง ์ฐจ์์ผ๋ก ๋๋์ด์ง๊ธฐ ๋๋ฌธ์, ์๋กญ๊ฒ ๊ตญ๋ดํ ์ง์๋ผ๋ ๊ฐ๋
์ด ์ถ๊ฐ๋์๋ค. ๋ํ ๋ณธ ์ฐ๊ตฌ์์๋ ํ ์ฐฉ ์ง์์ด ํ์ ์ ์์ด ์ค์ํ ์ญํ ์ ํ๋์ง์ ๋ํด ์์๋ณด๊ธฐ ์ํด, ํ ์ฐฉ์ง์์ ์ธก์ ํ ์ ์๋ ์ง์ ์์ ์ ํ ์ฐฉํ์ ๋ ๋ณ์๋ ์๋กญ๊ฒ ๋ง๋ค์ด ์ถ๊ฐํ์๋ค.
์ฒซ ๋ฒ์งธ ์ฅ์์๋ ์์์์์ ๊ณตํต์ ์ผ๋ก ์ค์ง๊ตญ ํจ์ ์์ ๋ฒ์ด๋ ๋น ๋ฅธ ๊ฒฝ์ ์ฑ์ฅ์ ๋ณด์ด๊ณ ์๋ ๋๋ง์ ํ์ดํ์ด, ์ค๊ตญ์ ์ฌ์ฒ, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ ๋ง๋ ์ด์์์ ํ๋ญ์ ์ง์ญํ์ ์ฒด์ ์ ๋ํด ๋น๊ต ์ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ํ๊ณ , ์ฌ์ฒ์ด ํ์ดํ์ด๋ฅผ ํ๋ญ๋ณด๋ค ๋ ๋น ๋ฅด๊ฒ ์ถ๊ฒฉํ ์ ์์๋ ์ด์ ์ ๋ํด ์ง์ญํ์ ์ฒด์ ๊ด์ ์์ ๋ถ์ํ๋ค. ๊ตญ๊ฐํ์ ์ฒด๊ณ ์ฐ๊ตฌ์์๋ ํ๋ฐ ๊ตญ๊ฐ๋ค์ด ์ ์ง๊ตญ๋ค์ ์ถ๊ฒฉํ๊ธฐ ์ํด์ ๋จ์ฃผ๊ธฐ ๊ธฐ์ ๋ก์ ํนํ๊ฐ ์ค์ํ๊ฒ ์์ฉํ๋ค๊ณ ํ์์ง๋ง, ๋ณธ ์ฐ๊ตฌ์์๋ ์ธ ์ง์ญ ๋ชจ๋ ๋จ์ฃผ๊ธฐ ๊ธฐ์ ์ ํนํํ์์๋ ๋ถ๊ตฌํ๊ณ 1์ธ๋น GRDP์ ๊ฒฝ์ ์ฑ์ฅ๋ฅ ์์ ์ฐจ์ด๋ฅผ ๋ณด์๋ค. ์ด๋ ๊ฒ ๋ค๋ฅธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋ณด์ธ ์ด์ ๋ ๊ตญ์ ํ ์ง์ (์ธ๊ตญ๊ธฐ์ ์์กด๋)๊ฐ ํ์ดํ์ด์ ์ฌ์ฒ์ง์ญ์์ ๋ฎ๊ณ , ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ ์ง์ ์์ ์ ํ ์ฐฉํ ์ ๋๊ฐ ํ๋ญ๋ณด๋ค ๋๊ฒ ๋ํ๋๊ธฐ ๋๋ฌธ์ด๋ค. ๋ฐ๋ผ์, ์ธ ์ง์ญ์ ๋น๊ต ์ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ํตํด, ์ง์ญ ๊ฐ ๊ฒฝ์ ์ถ๊ฒฉ์ ์์ด ํ ์ฐฉ ์ง์์ ์ฆ๊ฐ์ ๊ทธ์ ๋ฐ๋ฅธ ํด์ธ ์ง์์ ๋ํ ์์กด๋ ๊ฐ์๊ฐ ์ผ๋ง๋ ์ค์ํ๊ฒ ์์ฉํ๋ ์ง๋ฅผ ๋ฐ๊ฒฌํ ์ ์์๋ค.
๋ ๋ฒ์งธ ์ฅ์์๋ ์ ์ฅ์์ ๋ค๋ฃจ์๋ ํ์ดํ์ด, ์ฌ์ฒ, ํ๋ญ์ ํฌํจํ ์ ์ธ๊ณ 30๊ฐ ์ง์ญ์ ์ง์ญํ์ ์ฒด์ ์ ํน์ง์ 2001๋
์์ 2017๋
๊น์ง์ ์ง์ญํ์ ์ฒด์ ๋ณ์๋ฅผ ํตํด ์ดํด๋ณด๊ณ , ํด๋ฌ์คํฐ ๋ถ์์ ํตํด ์ด๋ป๊ฒ ์ ํํ๊ฐ ๊ฐ๋ฅํ ์ง์ ๋ํด ์ฐ๊ตฌํ๋ค. ํด๋ฌ์คํฐ ๋ถ์ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ, ์ง์ญ์ด ๋จ์ฃผ๊ธฐ ํน์ ์ฅ์ฃผ๊ธฐ ๊ธฐ์ ์ ํนํํ๋์ง, ํ ์ฐฉ ์ง์์ด ํฐ์ง ์์์ง์ ๋ฐ๋ผ, ์ด ๋ค ๊ฐ์ ์ง์ญ ํ์ ์ฒด๊ณ ๊ทธ๋ฃน์ผ๋ก ๋ถ๋ฅ๊ฐ ๋๋ค. ์ฒซ์งธ ์ ํ์ ์ ์ง๊ตญ ํ์ผ๋ก, ๊ตญ์ ํ ์ ๋ (ํด์ธ์ง์ ์์กด๋)๊ฐ ๋ฎ๊ณ , ๋์ ํ ์ฐฉ์์ ํ, ๊ธฐ์ ๋ค๊ฐํ, ๋ฐ ๋ถ๊ถํ๋ฅผ ๋ณด์ธ๋ค. ์ถ๊ฒฉํ ์ ํ์ ๋๊ฐ์ง๋ก ๋๋์ด ์ง๋๋ฐ, ๋ณด๋ค ๊ณ ๋ํ๋ ์ ํ์ ํ๊ตญ์ด๋ ๋๋ง์ ๋์์ ๊ฐ์ด ํด์ธ์ง์ ์์กด๋๊ฐ ๋ฎ๊ณ , ์ง์์ ํ ์ฐฉ์์ ํ ์ ๋๊ฐ ๋์ ์ ํ์ด๊ณ , ๋ ๊ณ ๋ํ๋ ์ ํ์ ํ๋ญ์ด๋ ๋ฐฉ๊ฐ๋ก์ ๊ฐ์ด ํด์ธ์ง์ ์์กด๋๊ฐ ๋๊ณ , ํ ์ฐฉ์์ ํ ์ ๋๊ฐ ๋ฎ์ ์ ํ์ด๋ค.
์ธ ๋ฒ์งธ ์ฅ์์๋ ๋ ๋ฒ์งธ ์ฅ์์ ํด๋ฌ์คํฐ ๋ถ์์ ํตํด ๋ํ๋ฌ๋ ์ง์ญํ์ ์ฒด์ ๊ทธ๋ฃน๋ค๊ณผ ๊ฒฝ์ ์ฑ์ฅ๋ฅ ์ ์๊ด๊ด๊ณ๋ฅผ ์๊ธฐ ์ํด ํ๊ท๋ถ์์ ์งํํ์๋ค. ๊ทธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ, ๋จ์ฃผ๊ธฐ ๊ธฐ์ ์ ํนํ๋ ๋ ๊ฐ์ง์ ์ถ๊ฒฉํ ๊ทธ๋ฃน๋ค์ด ๊ฐ์ฅ ๋น ๋ฅธ ๊ฒฝ์ ์ฑ์ฅ๋ฅ ์ ๋ณด์ด๋ฉฐ ์ ์ง ์ง์ญ(์ฅ์ฃผ๊ธฐ ๊ธฐ์ ํนํโ๋์ ํ ์ฐฉ์ง์)์ ๋น ๋ฅด๊ฒ ์ถ๊ฒฉํ๋ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋ณด์ฌ์ค๋ค.
์ธ ๊ฐ์ ์ฅ์ ์ข
ํฉํ์ฌ ์ดํด๋ณด๋ฉด, ์ง์ญ ํ์ ์ฒด์ ์ฐ๊ตฌ์์๋ ๊ตญ๊ฐ ํ์ ์ฒด์ ์ฐ๊ตฌ์ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์ ๋ง์ฐฌ๊ฐ์ง๋ก, ํ๋ฐ์ง์ญ๋ค์ ์ถ๊ฒฉํ ์ง์ญ ํ์ ์ฒด์ ์ ํน์ง์ ํ์ ์ง์ธ ์ ์์๋ค. ํนํ, ๋ ๊ฐ์ด ๋จ์ฃผ๊ธฐ ๊ธฐ์ ๋ก์ ํนํํ๋ ํ๋ฐ ์ง์ญ ๊ฐ์๋ ์ถ๊ฒฉ์ฑ๊ณผ๊ฐ ๋ค๋ฅด๊ฒ ๋ํ๋๋ ๊ฒ์, ๊ฒฐ๊ตญ ์ง์์์ ์ ํ ์ฐฉํ์ ์ ๊ณ ์ ํด์ธ ์ง์์ ๋ํ ์์กด๋๋ฅผ ์ค์ด๋ ๊ฒ์ด ์ ๊ฒฐ ์กฐ๊ฑด์์ ๋ฐํ ๊ฒ์ด ์ค์ํ ๊ณตํ์ด๋ค.Innovation plays a critical role in economic growth and economic catch-up. As Asian countries have witnessed, innovation is more important than price or cost when economies overcome the middle-income trap and sustain their economic growth. National innovation systems (NIS), a key concept for Schumpeterian economies, was introduced to represent the innovation capacity or efficiency of countries. However, given that NIS focuses on national-level analysis, the regional heterogeneities within a nation cannot be easily explained by this concept. To address this problem, a new framework called regional innovation systems (RIS) emerged in the 1990s. This dissertation examines the different innovation-related characteristics of cities/regions around the world using the concept of RIS and reveals the differences between catching-up and advanced regions.
This study uses seven variables to numerically measure RIS, namely, knowledge localization, nationalization, internationalization, local ownership of knowledge, technological diversification, knowledge decentralization, and technological cycle time. In NIS analysis, knowledge citation is divided into two dimensions, namely, citing locally invented patents and citing foreign patents, whereas in RIS analysis, three dimensions are employed, namely, local patent citation, national patent citation, and international patent citation. In this way, the new concept of nationalization is added in this RIS research. This study also uses local ownership of knowledge to measure the level of indigenous knowledge in a city/region.
The first chapter presents a comparative analysis of the RISs of Taipei in Taiwan, Shenzhen in China, and Penang in Malaysia to understand why Shenzhen is catching up with Taipei much faster than Penang in terms of RIS. In NIS analysis, latecomer economies need to specialize in short cycle technologies. However, this study only focuses on the divergence between per capita GRDP and economic growth rate even if the three aforementioned regions all specialize in the same short-cycle technologies because the levels of internationalization in Taipei and Shenzhen are lower than that of Penang, that is, Taipei and Shenzhen have a lower dependence on foreign knowledge compared with Penang, whereas the local ownership of knowledge for Taipei and Shenzhen is higher than that for Penang. Through this comparative analysis, this study highlights the importance of increasing indigenous knowledge and decreasing reliance on foreign knowledge in regional economic catch-up.
The second chapter explores the RIS characteristics of 30 regions over the world to derive a typology of RIS via cluster analysis. On the basis of the cluster analysis results, four groups of RISs are classified depending on whether a region specializes in short- or long-cycle technologies and whether indigenous knowledge is large or small. The first group is the mature RIS group, which has a low level of internationalization (reliance on foreign knowledge) and high levels of local ownership of knowledge, diversification, and decentralization, whereas the second group is the catching-up RIS group, which is further divided into two types. First, cities/countries with more advanced catching-up RIS, such as South Korea and Taiwan, have low reliance on foreign knowledge and high indigenous knowledge. Second, cities/countries with less advanced catching-up RIS, including Penang and Bangalore, have low level of indigenous knowledge and high dependence on foreign knowledge.
The third chapter empirically investigates the linkage between the RIS groups resulting from cluster analysis, and economic growth . The catching-up RIS cities/countries that specialize in short-cycle technologies show a faster growth rate compared with others, and catch up with advanced region fast with specialization in long cycle technologies and high indigenous knowledge .
By considering the three aforementioned regions, the characteristics of catching-up RIS for latecomer regions as reported in the RIS and NIS analyses are the same. Improving local ownership of knowledge and decreasing reliance on foreign knowledge are prerequisites for regional economic catch-up in regions with different catching-up performances even if the latecomer regions specialize in similar short-cycle technologies.I. Introduction 1
II. Literature Review and Research Questions 3
1. National Innovation Systems 3
2. Regional Innovation Systems and Research Questions 4
3. Definition of RIS Variables 5
III. Case Study of RIS in Asia: Comparing the Regions of Penang, Shenzhen, and Taipei 10
1. Economic Backgrounds of the Three Regions 10
2. Key Aspects of Catch-Up and Hypothesis 14
3. Results 16
4. Three Models of Catching-Up: Taipei, Shenzhen, and Penang 22
5. Concluding Remarks 27
IV. Varieties of RIS and Catching-Up RIS 30
1. Introduction 30
2. Data and Methodology: Cluster Analysis 31
3. Backgrounds of Economies and Hypothesis 32
4. Identifying the Varieties of RIS 35
5. Conclusion 59
V. Linking RIS Groups to Economic Growth 61
1. Introduction 61
2. Cluster analysis 61
3. Literature Review and Hypothesis 63
4. Methodology and Model 64
5. Data 65
6. Result 66
7. Conclusion 69
โ
ฅ. Contributions and Limitations 70
1. Key Findings 70
2. Contributions and Limitations 71
References 72
Appendices 78๋ฐ
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By Accident or Design? Shenzhen as a Global Hub for Digital Entrepreneurs
By 2019, the south China coastal city of Shenzhen was recognized worldwide as a digital technology powerhouse. The media branded it a second Silicon Valley. Shenzhen annually registered record numbers of patents under the international Patent Cooperation Treaty. Incubators and accelerators supported an exploding number of start-ups in such diverse fields as medical devices, new materials, robotics, and artificial intelligence.
Yet barely 40 years earlier, Shenzhen had been a backward area of fields, rice paddies, and fishing villages. How had China pulled off the seemingly impossible feat of building a world-class city in the blink of an eye? What accounted for its outsize expertise in digital technology? Why did entrepreneurs from China and abroad flock to live there? More specifically, how did government and public policies contribute to its status as a global mecca for digital entrepreneurs? Was Shenzhen a one-off, or might any government, through careful planning, create such a phenomenon
Chinese regional innovation systems in times of crisis: the case of Guangdong
The dynamic economic development of Guangdong province is one of the most prominent examples of China's catch-up in the course of the past two decades. Once chosen as the nation's first experimental field for the market economy, the province continued to participate above average in national economic growth ever since. Up to today, it maintains a leading position with regard to general industrial performance and average personal income. As China's industry begins to embark on a path of technological up-grading, however, this pre-eminent position begins to be challenged. In the nation's emerging fields of strength, the province's rivals, Beijing and Shanghai, are in a better starting position since they are better endowed with both R&D capacities and qualified human capital. In this context, our paper illustrates the resulting challenges by means of a number of specialized indicators and explains why, despite a continously impres-sive export performance in the high-tech sectors, Guangdong is far from well prepared to maintain its current position. Finally, it briefly describes the policy responses that have been developed, concluding that despite clear evidence of progress some key issues with regard to regional innovation policy appear to remain unaddressed. --
2017 China Global Think Tank Innovation Forum
The Second Global Think Tank Innovation Summit was held on June 23 and 24, 2017, in Qingdao, China. It comes at an interesting time in global politics and economics. The states under political regime changes have proven robust enough to navigate upsets that defined the year 2016, from Brexit to the impeachment of Brazilโs and South Koreaโs presidents. However, the world still faces looming dangers, such as worsening geopolitical competition, weakening economic liberalism and the growing disparities between the winners and losers of globalization
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