Mapping innovation in the European transport sector : An assessment of R&D efforts and priorities, institutional capacities, drivers and barriers to innovation

The present document provides an overview of the innovation capacity of the European transport sectors. The analysis addresses transport-related innovation from three different angles. It identifies the drivers and barriers to innovation for the main transport sub-sectors; it assesses quantitative indicators through the detailed analysis of the main industrial R&D investors and public R&D priorities in transport; and it identifies the key actors for transport research and knowledge flows between them in order to detect shortcomings in the current institutional set-up of transport innovation. The analysis finds that despite the significant on-going research efforts in transport, largely driven by the automotive industry, the potential for systemic innovations that go beyond modal boundaries and leave the currently pre-dominant design are under-exploited due to prominent lock-in effects caused by infrastructure and the institutional set-up of the innovation systemsJRC.J.1-Economics of Climate Change, Energy and Transpor

\u3ci\u3eThe Symposium Proceedings of the 1998 Air Transport Research Group (ATRG), Volume 3\u3c/i\u3e

UNOAI Report 98-5https://digitalcommons.unomaha.edu/facultybooks/1157/thumbnail.jp

Information systems failure, politics and the sociology of translation : the problematic introduction of an American computerised reservation system and yield management at French Railways

This in-depth cases tudy examinest he troubled introduction of a new computerisedr eservationsystem at French Railways. Socrale, based on the American Airlines Sabre system, had a disastrousbeginning.I t wasb adly receivedb y the Frenchp ublic, led to strikes andg overnmentin quiries,a nd had tobe modified substantially.T he literatureo n information systemsf ailure is reviewedf rom functionalistt osocial constructivista nd critical perspectivesa nd the thesis aims to challengeb eliefs and assumptionsabout technological success and failure. The notion of 'symmetry' from the sociology of technologyemphasisetsh at failures expresst he samed ynamicsa s successess,h owingh ow technologicalc hoicesa renot obvious or unproblematic.Differences between air and rail transporý between American and European transportderegulation and between the needs of national identity, regional development and public access totransporta re all reflectedi n the questiono f yield managementY. ield managemenist a crucial componentof computerisedre servations ystemsa nd was first adoptedd uring the deregulationo f the US air transportindustry in the early 80s. It requires complex optimisation software designed to manage passengerrevenues and control demand, by manipulating the availability of full and discounted fares according tomonitoredd emanda nds tatisticaal nalysis.Latour and Callon's sociology of 'translation' helps analyse how the Socrate project wasundertaken and interpreted as: borrowing from airline pricing, aiming to gain competitive advantage,associatingS ocrate to the successo f high-speedt rains, attemptingt o changep assengersb' uying andtravelling behaviour, transformingt he organisationa nd helping identify profitable market segmentsA.non-essentialisst tanceh elpsu nderstandh ow social and technicald istinctionsa re socially constructeda ndhow the differentiation between what is technical and what is social, for instance in the conception andapplication of yield managementi,s a mattero f power and politics. Clegg's circuits of power are usedt ocomplement the sociology of translation in examining how power and political factors contribute toinformation systemsb ecoming( or not) obligatoryp assagep oints.Politically controversialc hangesin Frenchr ail transporta re associatedw ith the role of computertechnology in deregulated European and global electronic markets and its effects on the concept ofnationali dentity and sovereigntyin transportp olicy-making

Digitalisation For Sustainable Infrastructure: The Road Ahead

In today’s tumultuous and fast-changing times, digitalisation and technology are game changers in a wide range of sectors and have a tremendous impact on infrastructure. Roads, railways, electricity grids, aviation, and maritime transport are deeply affected by the digital and technological transition, with gains in terms of competitiveness, cost-reduction, and safety. Digitalisation is also a key tool for fostering global commitment towards sustainability, but the race for digital infrastructure is also a geopolitical one. As the world’s largest economies are starting to adopt competitive strategies, a level playing field appears far from being agreed upon. Why are digitalisation and technology the core domains of global geopolitical competition? How are they changing the way infrastructure is built, operated, and maintained? To what extent will road, rail, air, and maritime transport change by virtue of digitalisation, artificial intelligence, and the Internet of Things? How to enhance cyber protection for critical infrastructure? What are the EU’s, US’ and China’s digital strategies?Publishe

\u3ci\u3eThe Symposium Proceedings of the 1998 Air Transport Research Group (ATRG), Volume 2\u3c/i\u3e

UNOAI Report 98-4https://digitalcommons.unomaha.edu/facultybooks/1153/thumbnail.jp

Modelling Emissions Reduction Strategies for Passenger Air Transport

This dissertation aims to evaluate the potential for and the effectiveness of two strategies that could reduce carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions from passenger aviation. The two strategies consist of market-based measures (MBMs) and the substitution of high-speed rail (HSR) for air transport. To assess the first mitigation strategy an econometric, itinerary-based airfare model, which explicitly captures airline operating costs, is developed and estimated for different world regions. Based on the estimated cost pass-through elasticities, the impact of a carbon tax is tested for the European and Asia-Pacific markets. Because of the higher cost pass-through elasticity in the Asia-Pacific market, a carbon tax would lead to higher airfares, lower demand, and thus greater emissions reductions in the Asia-Pacific compared to the European market. For the second mitigation strategy, i.e. the HSR substitution for air transport, this dissertation takes China’s transportation network as a case study. In a first step, an empirical study explores how airline supply has already been affected by the introduction of HSR since 2008. The results show that the HSR substitution has led to operational CO2 emissions savings from aviation in the order of 6.52-7.44 million tonnes over the period 2009-2015, depending on assumptions on the electricity intensity of Chinese HSR trains. In a second step, the dissertation explores how the enhanced introduction of HSR may affect future aviation CO2 emissions. To accomplish this objective, the future demand for inter-city high-speed transportation between 2016 and 2050 and the mode shares of HSR and air travel are estimated with an econometric model. The projected aviation demand under the planned 2025 HSR network is then compared against the demand under the 2015 HSR network. The marginal net savings of lifecycle CO2 emissions resulting from the HSR substitution are calculated from the “avoided” emissions in aviation and the additional emissions generated from transporting the diverted demand by HSR. The results show that, if China continues decarbonizing its power generation sector and achieves zero-carbon power generation in 2050, the cumulative marginal net savings of CO2 emissions could be at 736-960 million tonnes, depending on assumptions on China’s future population, GDP per capita, and jet fuel prices. The annual average of this amount between 2016 and 2050 are equivalent to 39-50% of the 53.8 million tonnes CO2 emissions from domestic aviation in 2015

Transaction Cost Management

All organizations, institutions, business processes, markets and strategies have one aim in common: the reduction of transaction costs. This aim is pursued relentlessly in practice, and has been perceived to bring about drastic changes, especially in the recent global market and the cyber economy. This book analyzes and describes “transactions” as a model, on the basis of which organizations, institutions and business processes can be appropriately shaped. It tracks transaction costs to enable a scientific approach instead of a widely used “state-of-the-art” approach, working to bridge the gap between theory and practice. This open access book analyzes and describes “transactions” as a model..

\u3ci\u3eThe Conference Proceedings of the 1998 Air Transport Research Group (ATRG) of the WCTR Society, Volume 4 \u3c/i\u3e

UNOAI Report 98-9https://digitalcommons.unomaha.edu/facultybooks/1152/thumbnail.jp