Partition strategies for incremental Mini-Bucket

Los modelos en grafo probabilísticos, tales como los campos aleatorios de Markov y las redes bayesianas, ofrecen poderosos marcos de trabajo para la representación de conocimiento y el razonamiento en modelos con gran número de variables. Sin embargo, los problemas de inferencia exacta en modelos de grafos son NP-hard en general, lo que ha causado que se produzca bastante interés en métodos de inferencia aproximados. El mini-bucket incremental es un marco de trabajo para inferencia aproximada que produce como resultado límites aproximados inferior y superior de la función de partición exacta, a base de -empezando a partir de un modelo con todos los constraints relajados, es decir, con las regiones más pequeñas posibleincrementalmente añadir regiones más grandes a la aproximación. Los métodos de inferencia aproximada que existen actualmente producen límites superiores ajustados de la función de partición, pero los límites inferiores suelen ser demasiado imprecisos o incluso triviales. El objetivo de este proyecto es investigar estrategias de partición que mejoren los límites inferiores obtenidos con el algoritmo de mini-bucket, trabajando dentro del marco de trabajo de mini-bucket incremental. Empezamos a partir de la idea de que creemos que debería ser beneficioso razonar conjuntamente con las variables de un modelo que tienen una alta correlación, y desarrollamos una estrategia para la selección de regiones basada en esa idea. Posteriormente, implementamos nuestra estrategia y exploramos formas de mejorarla, y finalmente medimos los resultados obtenidos usando nuestra estrategia y los comparamos con varios métodos de referencia. Nuestros resultados indican que nuestra estrategia obtiene límites inferiores más ajustados que nuestros dos métodos de referencia. También consideramos y descartamos dos posibles hipótesis que podrían explicar esta mejora.Els models en graf probabilístics, com bé els camps aleatoris de Markov i les xarxes bayesianes, ofereixen poderosos marcs de treball per la representació del coneixement i el raonament en models amb grans quantitats de variables. Tanmateix, els problemes d’inferència exacta en models de grafs son NP-hard en general, el qual ha provocat que es produeixi bastant d’interès en mètodes d’inferència aproximats. El mini-bucket incremental es un marc de treball per a l’inferència aproximada que produeix com a resultat límits aproximats inferior i superior de la funció de partició exacta que funciona començant a partir d’un model al qual se li han relaxat tots els constraints -és a dir, un model amb les regions més petites possibles- i anar afegint a l’aproximació regions incrementalment més grans. Els mètodes d’inferència aproximada que existeixen actualment produeixen límits superiors ajustats de la funció de partició. Tanmateix, els límits inferiors acostumen a ser massa imprecisos o fins aviat trivials. El objectiu d’aquest projecte es recercar estratègies de partició que millorin els límits inferiors obtinguts amb l’algorisme de mini-bucket, treballant dins del marc de treball del mini-bucket incremental. La nostra idea de partida pel projecte es que creiem que hauria de ser beneficiós per la qualitat de l’aproximació raonar conjuntament amb les variables del model que tenen una alta correlació entre elles, i desenvolupem una estratègia per a la selecció de regions basada en aquesta idea. Posteriorment, implementem la nostra estratègia i explorem formes de millorar-la, i finalment mesurem els resultats obtinguts amb la nostra estratègia i els comparem a diversos mètodes de referència. Els nostres resultats indiquen que la nostra estratègia obté límits inferiors més ajustats que els nostres dos mètodes de referència. També considerem i descartem dues possibles hipòtesis que podrien explicar aquesta millora.Probabilistic graphical models such as Markov random fields and Bayesian networks provide powerful frameworks for knowledge representation and reasoning over models with large numbers of variables. Unfortunately, exact inference problems on graphical models are generally NP-hard, which has led to signifi- cant interest in approximate inference algorithms. Incremental mini-bucket is a framework for approximate inference that provides upper and lower bounds on the exact partition function by, starting from a model with completely relaxed constraints, i.e. with the smallest possible regions, incrementally adding larger regions to the approximation. Current approximate inference algorithms provide tight upper bounds on the exact partition function but loose or trivial lower bounds. This project focuses on researching partitioning strategies that improve the lower bounds obtained with mini-bucket elimination, working within the framework of incremental mini-bucket. We start from the idea that variables that are highly correlated should be reasoned about together, and we develop a strategy for region selection based on that idea. We implement the strategy and explore ways to improve it, and finally we measure the results obtained using the strategy and compare them to several baselines. We find that our strategy performs better than both of our baselines. We also rule out several possible explanations for the improvement

Proceedings of the Workshop on NLG for Human–Robot Interaction

Foster ME, Buschmeier H, Dimitra G, eds. Proceedings of the Workshop on NLG for Human–Robot Interaction. Stroudsburg, PA, USA: Association for Computational Linguistics; 2018

Real-time generation and adaptation of social companion robot behaviors

Social robots will be part of our future homes. They will assist us in everyday tasks, entertain us, and provide helpful advice. However, the technology still faces challenges that must be overcome to equip the machine with social competencies and make it a socially intelligent and accepted housemate. An essential skill of every social robot is verbal and non-verbal communication. In contrast to voice assistants, smartphones, and smart home technology, which are already part of many people's lives today, social robots have an embodiment that raises expectations towards the machine. Their anthropomorphic or zoomorphic appearance suggests they can communicate naturally with speech, gestures, or facial expressions and understand corresponding human behaviors. In addition, robots also need to consider individual users' preferences: everybody is shaped by their culture, social norms, and life experiences, resulting in different expectations towards communication with a robot. However, robots do not have human intuition - they must be equipped with the corresponding algorithmic solutions to these problems. This thesis investigates the use of reinforcement learning to adapt the robot's verbal and non-verbal communication to the user's needs and preferences. Such non-functional adaptation of the robot's behaviors primarily aims to improve the user experience and the robot's perceived social intelligence. The literature has not yet provided a holistic view of the overall challenge: real-time adaptation requires control over the robot's multimodal behavior generation, an understanding of human feedback, and an algorithmic basis for machine learning. Thus, this thesis develops a conceptual framework for designing real-time non-functional social robot behavior adaptation with reinforcement learning. It provides a higher-level view from the system designer's perspective and guidance from the start to the end. It illustrates the process of modeling, simulating, and evaluating such adaptation processes. Specifically, it guides the integration of human feedback and social signals to equip the machine with social awareness. The conceptual framework is put into practice for several use cases, resulting in technical proofs of concept and research prototypes. They are evaluated in the lab and in in-situ studies. These approaches address typical activities in domestic environments, focussing on the robot's expression of personality, persona, politeness, and humor. Within this scope, the robot adapts its spoken utterances, prosody, and animations based on human explicit or implicit feedback.Soziale Roboter werden Teil unseres zukünftigen Zuhauses sein. Sie werden uns bei alltäglichen Aufgaben unterstützen, uns unterhalten und uns mit hilfreichen Ratschlägen versorgen. Noch gibt es allerdings technische Herausforderungen, die zunächst überwunden werden müssen, um die Maschine mit sozialen Kompetenzen auszustatten und zu einem sozial intelligenten und akzeptierten Mitbewohner zu machen. Eine wesentliche Fähigkeit eines jeden sozialen Roboters ist die verbale und nonverbale Kommunikation. Im Gegensatz zu Sprachassistenten, Smartphones und Smart-Home-Technologien, die bereits heute Teil des Lebens vieler Menschen sind, haben soziale Roboter eine Verkörperung, die Erwartungen an die Maschine weckt. Ihr anthropomorphes oder zoomorphes Aussehen legt nahe, dass sie in der Lage sind, auf natürliche Weise mit Sprache, Gestik oder Mimik zu kommunizieren, aber auch entsprechende menschliche Kommunikation zu verstehen. Darüber hinaus müssen Roboter auch die individuellen Vorlieben der Benutzer berücksichtigen. So ist jeder Mensch von seiner Kultur, sozialen Normen und eigenen Lebenserfahrungen geprägt, was zu unterschiedlichen Erwartungen an die Kommunikation mit einem Roboter führt. Roboter haben jedoch keine menschliche Intuition - sie müssen mit entsprechenden Algorithmen für diese Probleme ausgestattet werden. In dieser Arbeit wird der Einsatz von bestärkendem Lernen untersucht, um die verbale und nonverbale Kommunikation des Roboters an die Bedürfnisse und Vorlieben des Benutzers anzupassen. Eine solche nicht-funktionale Anpassung des Roboterverhaltens zielt in erster Linie darauf ab, das Benutzererlebnis und die wahrgenommene soziale Intelligenz des Roboters zu verbessern. Die Literatur bietet bisher keine ganzheitliche Sicht auf diese Herausforderung: Echtzeitanpassung erfordert die Kontrolle über die multimodale Verhaltenserzeugung des Roboters, ein Verständnis des menschlichen Feedbacks und eine algorithmische Basis für maschinelles Lernen. Daher wird in dieser Arbeit ein konzeptioneller Rahmen für die Gestaltung von nicht-funktionaler Anpassung der Kommunikation sozialer Roboter mit bestärkendem Lernen entwickelt. Er bietet eine übergeordnete Sichtweise aus der Perspektive des Systemdesigners und eine Anleitung vom Anfang bis zum Ende. Er veranschaulicht den Prozess der Modellierung, Simulation und Evaluierung solcher Anpassungsprozesse. Insbesondere wird auf die Integration von menschlichem Feedback und sozialen Signalen eingegangen, um die Maschine mit sozialem Bewusstsein auszustatten. Der konzeptionelle Rahmen wird für mehrere Anwendungsfälle in die Praxis umgesetzt, was zu technischen Konzeptnachweisen und Forschungsprototypen führt, die in Labor- und In-situ-Studien evaluiert werden. Diese Ansätze befassen sich mit typischen Aktivitäten in häuslichen Umgebungen, wobei der Schwerpunkt auf dem Ausdruck der Persönlichkeit, dem Persona, der Höflichkeit und dem Humor des Roboters liegt. In diesem Rahmen passt der Roboter seine Sprache, Prosodie, und Animationen auf Basis expliziten oder impliziten menschlichen Feedbacks an

Experiencing in Japanese: The Experiencer Restriction across Clausal Types

Adjectives of sensation and emotion (Experiencer adjectives) in Japanese can take only the speaker as their experiencer subject in declarative root sentences and the addressee in interrogative root sentences in conversation. This constraint, which I call the Experiencer restriction, is lifted in other various clauses, however. This dissertation examines the Experiencer restriction across clausal types under scrutiny, and presents two analyses of the phenomenon, following the claim by Krifka (2001, 2004), Speas and Tenny (2003) and others that speech acts are syntactically realized. First, I introduce the phenomenon and give a brief review of its analyses which were made before the proposal of the speech act projection (Chapter 1). Then I explain the Japanese complementizer system and provide basic data on the Experiencer restriction across clausal types (Chapter 2). A conceptual-structural analysis of Experiencers by Jackendoff (1990) and syntactic analyses of Experiencers by Landau (2010) and others suggest that Experiencers are mental locations. Based on that, I propose a situation semantic analysis of Experiencers as mental locations in Chapter 3. In Chapter 4, I apply the situation-based analysis to the Experiencer restriction in non-restrictive relative clauses after arguing that Schlenker’s (2010, 2013a,b) uni-dimensional analysis explains properties of Japanese non-restrictive relative clauses. In Chapter 5, I turn to another possible analysis, according to which Experiencer NPs agree with an epistemic modal head via a sentient feature [sen] and an index feature [n]. It can be seen as a revision of Tenny’s (2006) feature checking analysis, which claims that a [+sentient] feature and a [+discourse participant] feature are checked. I argue that the principle of parsimony favors the situation-based analysis over the feature-checking one. In Chapter 6, I compare recent formal analyses of the Experiencer restriction with my analyses. This dissertation improves our understanding of situation semantics in connection to mind-body dualism. Also, it shows that study of Experiencers in Japanese gives us an insight into the syntax/semantics/pragmatics interface. It tells us not only properties of Experiencers but also properties of speech acts and the speech act projection

Language, Gender, and Ideology in Japanese Professional Matchmaking.

This dissertation examines the work of Japanese professional matchmakers located in the Osaka metropolitan area, with special attention to matchmaker training and client education. The thing that differentiates arranged marriages from love matches is the mediation of clients’ interactions by matchmakers; educating clients on the preferred modes and styles of interacting with each other is one of matchmakers’ most important mediation techniques. Through interviews with individual matchmakers and data from training sessions and professionalization opportunities made available through matchmaker organizations, this dissertation explores the content of matchmakers’ education, counseling, and mediation strategies, with a focus on gender differences and conversational norms. What do matchmakers hold up as a standard of behavior? To what extent is it the same or different for men and women? By attending to the counseling strategies that are taught to new and old matchmakers alike, this work argues that they encourage a single standard of behavior for male and female clients. The assumption seems to be that the qualities of a successful client and a good spouse are not differentiated by gender, and moreover, that oftentimes the best way to appeal to someone of the “opposite” sex is to become less opposite. Gender obviously matters, but its importance is limited to the obvious concerns of traditional, heterosexual matrimony—household divisions of labor and reproduction. Men’s and women’s differences in modes of interaction are to be bridged, rather than emphasized. Another goal of the present work is to speak to the literature on gender performance. By examining the forces that regiment clients’ behavior, and focusing on matchmakers’ ideologies, I hope to show some of the constraints on gender performance in contemporary Japan, particularly as realized linguistically, and move beyond the agent-centered approach that predominates in this field.PhDAnthropologyUniversity of Michigan, Horace H. Rackham School of Graduate Studieshttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/107171/1/ealpert_1.pd