Modeling and Control of AC Electric Drives during Fault Conditions

Dizertační práce se zabývá modelováním a řízením elektrických pohonů během poruchových stavů. Práce se obzvláště zaměřuje na více-fázové motory. První část práce se zabývá matematickými rovnicemi obecného více-fázového motoru a následným odvozením n-krát troj-fázového zapojení motoru. Modely v dq souřadnicovém systému a modely ve statorových souřadnicích jsou navrženy pro simulaci chování motoru během poruchových stavů. Další část práce se zabývá analýzou poruch ve více-fázových motorech s využitím matematických modelů. Různé vnitřní struktury vinutí motoru jsou analyzovány z pohledu možného řízení během poruchového stavu. Taktéž je prezentováno chování těchto různých struktur motoru během poruchových stavů. Předmětem analýzy jsou elektrické poruchy vinutí motoru a elektrické poruchy výkonové elektroniky. Poslední část práce se zabývá testováním navrženého řídícího algoritmu a navržených kompenzačních strategií pro poruchy na reálných motorech. Pro testování byl použit segregovaný dvakrát troj-fázový motor a experimentální motor s odbočkami pro emulaci poruch vinutí. Provedené testy prokázaly, že vhodně navrhnutý motor v kombinaci se správným řídícím algoritmem a výkonovou elektronikou dokáže zaručit kontinuální běh pohonu i během poruchy.The thesis deals with modeling and control methods of the electric motor during failure. The work focuses exclusively on multi-phase motors. The first part of the thesis deals with the mathematical equations of a general multi-phase motor and the equation derivation for n-times three-phase connection. Models in dq coordinates and models in stator coordinates are designed to simulate the behaviour of the motor during a failure. The next part of the thesis deals with the multi-phase motors fault analysis using designed mathematical models. The various internal structures of the motor windings are analyzed from the motor control during a failure point of view. The behaviour of the different motor structures under a fault condition is shown. Motor electrical faults, as well as power stage faults, are analysed. The last part of the thesis deals with the designed control algorithm and fault compensation strategies tests using real motors. The segregate dual three-phase motor and the interlaced experimental motor with internal short-circuit emulation functionality were used for testing. Realised tests demonstrate that a properly designed motor in combination with the well-designed control algorithm and power electronics can guarantee continuous motor run during a failure.

Machine Learning based Early Fault Diagnosis of Induction Motor for Electric Vehicle Application

Electrified vehicular industry is growing at a rapid pace with a global increase in production of electric vehicles (EVs) along with several new automotive cars companies coming to compete with the big car industries. The technology of EV has evolved rapidly in the last decade. But still the looming fear of low driving range, inability to charge rapidly like filling up gasoline for a conventional gas car, and lack of enough EV charging stations are just a few of the concerns. With the onset of self-driving cars, and its popularity in integrating them into electric vehicles leads to increase in safety both for the passengers inside the vehicle as well as the people outside. Since electric vehicles have not been widely used over an extended period of time to evaluate the failure rate of the powertrain of the EV, a general but definite understanding of motor failures can be developed from the usage of motors in industrial application. Since traction motors are more power dense as compared to industrial motors, the possibilities of a small failure aggravating to catastrophic issue is high. Understanding the challenges faced in EV due to stator fault in motor, with major focus on induction motor stator winding fault, this dissertation presents the following: 1. Different Motor Failures, Causes and Diagnostic Methods Used, With More Importance to Artificial Intelligence Based Motor Fault Diagnosis. 2. Understanding of Incipient Stator Winding Fault of IM and Feature Selection for Fault Diagnosis 3. Model Based Temperature Feature Prediction under Incipient Fault Condition 4. Design of Harmonics Analysis Block for Flux Feature Prediction 5. Flux Feature based On-line Harmonic Compensation for Fault-tolerant Control 6. Intelligent Flux Feature Predictive Control for Fault-Tolerant Control 7. Introduction to Machine Learning and its Application for Flux Reference Prediction 8. Dual Memorization and Generalization Machine Learning based Stator Fault Diagnosi

Field weakening and sensorless control solutions for synchronous machines applied to electric vehicles.

184 p.La polución es uno de los mayores problemas en los países industrializados. Por ello, la electrificación del transporte por carretera está en pleno auge, favoreciendo la investigación y el desarrollo industrial. El desarrollo de sistemas de propulsión eficientes, fiables, compactos y económicos juega un papel fundamental para la introducción del vehículo eléctrico en el mercado.Las máquinas síncronas de imanes permanentes son, a día de hoy la tecnología más empleada en vehículos eléctricos e híbridos por sus características. Sin embargo, al depender del uso de tierras raras, se están investigando alternativas a este tipo de máquina, tales como las máquinas de reluctancia síncrona asistidas por imanes. Para este tipo de máquinas síncronas es necesario desarrollar estrategias de control eficientes y robustas. Las desviaciones de parámetros son comunes en estas máquinas debido a la saturación magnética y a otra serie de factores, tales como tolerancias de fabricación, dependencias en función de la temperatura de operación o envejecimiento. Las técnicas de control convencionales, especialmente las estrategias de debilitamiento de campo dependen, en general, del conocimiento previo de dichos parámetros. Si no son lo suficientemente robustos, pueden producir problemas de control en las regiones de debilitamiento de campo y debilitamiento de campo profundo. En este sentido, esta tesis presenta dos nuevas estrategias de control de debilitamiento de campo híbridas basadas en LUTs y reguladores VCT.Por otro lado, otro requisito indispensable para la industria de la automoción es la detección de faltas y la tolerancia a fallos. En este sentido, se presenta una nueva estrategia de control sensorless basada en una estructura PLL/HFI híbrida que permite al vehículo continuar operando de forma pseudo-óptima ante roturas en el sensor de posición y velocidad de la máquina eléctrica. En esta tesis, ambas propuestas se validan experimentalmente en un sistema de propulsión real para vehículo eléctrico que cuenta con una máquina de reluctancia síncrona asistidas por imanes de 51 kW

Advances in the Field of Electrical Machines and Drives

Electrical machines and drives dominate our everyday lives. This is due to their numerous applications in industry, power production, home appliances, and transportation systems such as electric and hybrid electric vehicles, ships, and aircrafts. Their development follows rapid advances in science, engineering, and technology. Researchers around the world are extensively investigating electrical machines and drives because of their reliability, efficiency, performance, and fault-tolerant structure. In particular, there is a focus on the importance of utilizing these new trends in technology for energy saving and reducing greenhouse gas emissions. This Special Issue will provide the platform for researchers to present their recent work on advances in the field of electrical machines and drives, including special machines and their applications; new materials, including the insulation of electrical machines; new trends in diagnostics and condition monitoring; power electronics, control schemes, and algorithms for electrical drives; new topologies; and innovative applications

Analysis and implementation of a methodology for optimal PMa-SynRM design taking into account performances and reliability

Automotive applications focus to develop drive-train technologies with higher energy efficiency and lower environmental impact. Electric and hybrid vehicles are gaining popularity since they fulfill these requirements . The aim of optimal motor design is to achieve high torque and power densities, wider speed range and high efficiency within the area defining the most frequent operating points. This work presents a methodology to optimize electric motors for traction applications considering a multi-physics approach. The magnetic behavior is evaluated using a complex reluctance networks capable to compute the cross-coupling. The results of the magnetic model are the inductances, iron losses, and magnet flux linkage. The thermal behavior is evaluated using a thermal network and it is coupled with the magnetic model. The electric model is feed with the solution of the thermal and magnetic model. The electric model aims to calculate the whole operating area of the motor to allow optimizing the machine considering the most frequent operating zone. Therefore, a fast tool to evaluate different variables within the torque-speed map is convenient for this purpose. In this context, starting from a preliminary motor design, and taking into account motor cross-coupling effects and power losses, this thesis presents a new methodology for optimizing and evaluating the behavior of permanent magnet machines, such as synchronous reluctance machines, and permanent magnet assisted synchronous reluctance machines, in all operational points. Apart from the torque and efficiency, many other electrical variables can be obtained, such as the current space vector angle, power factor or electrical power among others. The proposed methodology also allows optimizing the design of the machine under a pre­established control law; thus obtaining the current set point trajectory in the dq frame and allowing a fast and accurate evaluation of motor performance.The results obtained by means of the proposed simulation tool are compared against finite element analysis simulations and experimental data, thus validating the usefulness and accuracy of the proposed methodology.El sector de la automoción se está centrando en las tecnologías con alta eficiencia y un bajo impacto medioambiental. En este sentido el desarrollo de vehiculos eléctricos o hibridos está ganando importancia en este sector. Por lo tanto, el diseño de motores eléctricos que cumplan las especificaciones necesarias para aplicaciones de tracción eléctrica es un punto de especial interés . El principal objetivo en la optimización de motores eléctricos es conseguir altas densidades de par o potencia, alta eficiencia y un buen factor de potencia, teniendo en cuenta la zona de trabajo más común. Este trabajo presenta una metodologia para optimización de motores eléctricos, concretamente motores de reluctancia síncrona, para aplicaciones de tracción eléctrica. Para ello es necesario crear diferentes modelos para evaluar el comportamiento eléctrico, térmico y magnético del motor así como calcular los diferentes puntos de trabajo. El modelo magnético, que está basado en redes de reluctancia, permite calcular las inductancias, el flujo magnético del imán y las pérdidas en el hierro teniendo en cuenta la saturación cruzada. El modelo térmico estará basado en redes térmicas y permite evaluar la temperatura de diferentes partes del motor (dientes, bobinado, cabezas de bobina o imanes) para evaluar la viabilidad de estos motores y definir bien el valor de algunos parámetros como la resistencia del bobinado y las propiedades magnéticas del imán. El modelo eléctrico está basado en la resolución de las ecuaciones completas del motor en los ejes dq, los parámetros necesarios (inductancias, resistencia, perdidas en el hierro, flujo del imán) serán obtenidos en los modelos magnético y térmico. En este punto, la metodología propuesta es capaz de calcular todos los puntos de operación de la máquina. Hay que remarcar que en este punto se puede calcular la eficiencia, factor de potencia, ángulo de corriente. La tesis propuesta empezará el proceso diseño optimizado del motor calculando un pre-diseño para introducirlo en un optimizador que usará los mapas calculados para evaluar su función de coste teniendo en cuenta que estos mapas estarán obtenidos considerando saturación cruzada, perdidas en el hierro y variaciones de temperatura, se puede afirmar que el motor resultante está evaluado en todos sus dominios exceptuando el mecánico. Para el análisis mecánico se propone un estudio en elementos finitos posterior a la optimización. En este análisis se podrán introducir estructuras que mejoren la resistencia mecánica del motor y que serán restricciones para una nueva optimización. Una vez cerrado el proceso iterativo entre optimización y análisis mecánico se tendria el motor final. En la tesis propuesta se usa esta metodologia para diseñar varios motores, con lo cual se permite la validación de la misma.Postprint (published version

Industrial and Technological Applications of Power Electronics Systems

The Special Issue "Industrial and Technological Applications of Power Electronics Systems" focuses on: - new strategies of control for electric machines, including sensorless control and fault diagnosis; - existing and emerging industrial applications of GaN and SiC-based converters; - modern methods for electromagnetic compatibility. The book covers topics such as control systems, fault diagnosis, converters, inverters, and electromagnetic interference in power electronics systems. The Special Issue includes 19 scientific papers by industry experts and worldwide professors in the area of electrical engineering

Design and Application of Electrical Machines

Electrical machines are one of the most important components of the industrial world. They are at the heart of the new industrial revolution, brought forth by the development of electromobility and renewable energy systems. Electric motors must meet the most stringent requirements of reliability, availability, and high efficiency in order, among other things, to match the useful lifetime of power electronics in complex system applications and compete in the market under ever-increasing pressure to deliver the highest performance criteria. Today, thanks to the application of highly efficient numerical algorithms running on high-performance computers, it is possible to design electric machines and very complex drive systems faster and at a lower cost. At the same time, progress in the field of material science and technology enables the development of increasingly complex motor designs and topologies. The purpose of this Special Issue is to contribute to this development of electric machines. The publication of this collection of scientific articles, dedicated to the topic of electric machine design and application, contributes to the dissemination of the above information among professionals dealing with electrical machines

Efficiency and Sustainability of the Distributed Renewable Hybrid Power Systems Based on the Energy Internet, Blockchain Technology and Smart Contracts-Volume II

The climate changes that are becoming visible today are a challenge for the global research community. In this context, renewable energy sources, fuel cell systems, and other energy generating sources must be optimally combined and connected to the grid system using advanced energy transaction methods. As this reprint presents the latest solutions in the implementation of fuel cell and renewable energy in mobile and stationary applications, such as hybrid and microgrid power systems based on the Energy Internet, Blockchain technology, and smart contracts, we hope that they will be of interest to readers working in the related fields mentioned above