International Competition for Satellite-Based Navigation System Services

The goal of this work is to review the current state of Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) development and its potential impact on the social, economic, and political dynamics of the various states fielding the systems. The most recognizable GNSS is the US GPS. It is the only operational system functioning at the time of this writing and has become part of the global commons. GPS, by virtue of its uniqueness, is considered the \u27gold standard\u27 of satellite based positioning, navigation, and timing systems. This uniqueness has also enabled the US to fully capitalize on the sizable economic dividends gained by the US technology sector from the development and sales of GPS user equipment and services. This work argues that the emergence of three global peer competitors to GPS is going to usher in a changed international relations environment for those new players. The economic implications go beyond a simple return on investment and could represent the continued space science and technical competitiveness of these states or not. The international political ramifications of the success or failure of the particular GNSSs could have a greater impact on the current international order than has been previously considered. The European Union, Russia, and China have become inexorably locked in a contest of domestic political will to field the next generation of GNSS in order to free themselves from US GPS domination and at the same time gain economic advantage over the other in space system technologies. Concurrently, the US is endeavoring to field the next generation of GPS and maintain its dominance in the associated technologies linked to GPS

Keeping pace with globalisation innovation capability in Korea's telecommunications equipment industry

Korea is one of the four from the developing world to have built up substantial innovation capability in the design and manufacture of state-of-the-art telecommunications equipments. The paper undertakes a detailed review of this innovation capability and analyses its precise status during the time when the Korean economy was subject to a serious financial crisis. The paper maps out the sectoral system for innovation in the telecommunications equipment industry and measures the innovation capability in terms of a set of three separate indicators. The ensuing analysis shows that the country has built up substantial innovation capability in not just fixed telephony but also in mobile communication technologies. There has been some passage of this capability from the public research laboratory to private sector manufacturing firms. The Korean state has continued to support the public laboratory through a variety of financial grants and public technology procurement. However these traditional instruments of support are no longer valid in newer technologies such as mobile telephony. The innovation system has nevertheless achieved considerable sophistication that it is in a position to keep pace with changes in the technology frontier Key words: Innovation Capability, Korea, Telecommunications, Digital Switching systems, CDMA Mobile Telephony. JEL Classification: L630, O310, O320, O380

Aeronautics and space report of the President, 1980 activities

The year's achievements in the areas of communication, Earth resources, environment, space sciences, transportation, and space energy are summarized and current and planned activities in these areas at the various departments and agencies of the Federal Government are summarized. Tables show U.S. and world spacecraft records, spacecraft launchings for 1980, and scientific payload anf probes launched 1975-1980. Budget data are included

Management of Blood Transfusion Services in India: An Illustrative Study of Maharashtra and Gujarat States

Blood is a vital healthcare resource routinely used in a broad range of hospital procedures. It is also a potential vector for harmful, and sometimes fatal, infectious diseases such as HIV, HBV, and HCV. Morbidity and mortality resulting from the transfusion of infected blood have far-reaching consequences. The economic cost of a failure to control the transmission of infection is visible in countries with a high prevalence of HIV. Shortfalls in blood supply have a particular impact on women with pregnancy complications, trauma victims and children with severe life-threatening anaemia. Ensuring a safe, source and ethical supply of blood and blood products and rational clinical use of blood are important public health responsibilities of every national government. Blood transfusion services in India rely on very fragmented mix of competing independent and hospital based blood banks of different levels of sophistication, serving different types of hospitals and patients. Voluntary and non-remunerated blood is in short supply. The SACS ensure only the availability of safe blood in blood banks. Clinical use of blood is not monitored, and the use of blood components is very low. Managing blood transfusion services involves donor management, blood collection, testing, processing, storing, issue of safe blood and blood products when clinically needed, and staff training. Maharashtra Government, by setting up its State Blood Transfusion Council as an independent unit under the Department of Health, has set up an excellent example to address the above managerial issues in meeting the transfusion requirements than any fragmented system. We strongly recommend the Maharashtra model to all other states and union territories in India.

Space transportation system and associated payloads: Glossary, acronyms, and abbreviations

A collection of some of the acronyms and abbreviations now in everyday use in the shuttle world is presented. It is a combination of lists that were prepared at Marshall Space Flight Center and Kennedy and Johnson Space Centers, places where intensive shuttle activities are being carried out. This list is intended as a guide or reference and should not be considered to have the status and sanction of a dictionary

Twenty-first semiannual report to Congress, 1 January - 30 June 1969

Manned space flights, satellite observations, space sciences, and air traffic control - NASA report to Congress for 1 Jan. to 30 June 196

Aeronautics and space report of the President, 1982 activities

Achievements of the space program are summerized in the area of communication, Earth resources, environment, space sciences, transportation, aeronautics, and space energy. Space program activities of the various deprtments and agencies of the Federal Government are discussed in relation to the agencies' goals and policies. Records of U.S. and world spacecraft launchings, successful U.S. launches for 1982, U.S. launched applications and scientific satellites and space probes since 1975, U.S. and Soviet manned spaceflights since 1961, data on U.S. space launch vehicles, and budget summaries are provided. The national space policy and the aeronautical research and technology policy statements are included

TECHNOLOGY SERVES THE PEOPLE The Story⋅ of a Co-operative Telemedicine Project by NASA, The Indian Health Service and the Papago People

This monograph is a documented history of the planning and development process of a major advanced telemedicine system call Space Technology Applied to Rural Papago Advanced Health Care (STARPAHC). This history was prepared to document basic processes. Projects such as STARPAHC usually result in volumes of technical system descriptions, evaluation reports and technical performance analyses. This report provides a good description of the high degree and quality of productive functional relationships developed among the participating agencies and the private sector.The project was conceived and sponsored by both the National Aeronautic and Space Administration (NASA) and Lockheed Missile and Space Company (LMSC). STARPAHC was not the first attempt to implement a telemedicine system in the United States. Ultimately, STARPAHC would provide a full communications range, two-way television, audio and data communications between the central station at Sells, Arizona on the Papago Reservation, and a fixed satellite clinic at Santa Rosa, a regularly scheduled mobile health clinic, and a full facility hospital-based clinic at Phoenix. The program presumed that the telemetry and remote monitoring equipment developed for the space program would have eventually made its way into the open market. The study rests on the conclusion that some form of telemedicine is the invariant pattern of the future. The time periods for the research and demonstration projects were insufficient to reach definitive conclusions regarding the cost-effectiveness of telemedicine in relation to other modes of health service delivery. In an intensively technological system, the capital investment may only be recovered over an extended period of time, and services must be distributed over a large number of patients/clients. Problems with program objectives led to situations where it was not clear whether telemedicine was intended to supplement, enhance, or replace existing delivery systems. Funding was severely curtailed before many of the problems could be resolved. The STARPAHC project may prove to be the most successful model for the future of telemedical diagnostics. In terms of costs, it used the least expensive technology (audio-link and slow-scan TV). In terms of quality, it provided an opportunity to have a second option for diagnostic purposes, clinical decision making, and specialist consultation done rapidly and efficiently. In terms of acceptance, both providers and patients were happy to have the system.Reinitiate funding for telemedicine