39 research outputs found
Advanced Techniques for Ground Penetrating Radar Imaging
Ground penetrating radar (GPR) has become one of the key technologies in subsurface sensing and, in general, in non-destructive testing (NDT), since it is able to detect both metallic and nonmetallic targets. GPR for NDT has been successfully introduced in a wide range of sectors, such as mining and geology, glaciology, civil engineering and civil works, archaeology, and security and defense. In recent decades, improvements in georeferencing and positioning systems have enabled the introduction of synthetic aperture radar (SAR) techniques in GPR systems, yielding GPR–SAR systems capable of providing high-resolution microwave images. In parallel, the radiofrequency front-end of GPR systems has been optimized in terms of compactness (e.g., smaller Tx/Rx antennas) and cost. These advances, combined with improvements in autonomous platforms, such as unmanned terrestrial and aerial vehicles, have fostered new fields of application for GPR, where fast and reliable detection capabilities are demanded. In addition, processing techniques have been improved, taking advantage of the research conducted in related fields like inverse scattering and imaging. As a result, novel and robust algorithms have been developed for clutter reduction, automatic target recognition, and efficient processing of large sets of measurements to enable real-time imaging, among others. This Special Issue provides an overview of the state of the art in GPR imaging, focusing on the latest advances from both hardware and software perspectives
Microwave Sensing and Imaging
In recent years, microwave sensing and imaging have acquired an ever-growing importance in several applicative fields, such as non-destructive evaluations in industry and civil engineering, subsurface prospection, security, and biomedical imaging. Indeed, microwave techniques allow, in principle, for information to be obtained directly regarding the physical parameters of the inspected targets (dielectric properties, shape, etc.) by using safe electromagnetic radiations and cost-effective systems. Consequently, a great deal of research activity has recently been devoted to the development of efficient/reliable measurement systems, which are effective data processing algorithms that can be used to solve the underlying electromagnetic inverse scattering problem, and efficient forward solvers to model electromagnetic interactions. Within this framework, this Special Issue aims to provide some insights into recent microwave sensing and imaging systems and techniques
Machine Learning in Wireless Sensor Networks: Algorithms, Strategies, and Applications
Wireless sensor networks monitor dynamic environments that change rapidly
over time. This dynamic behavior is either caused by external factors or
initiated by the system designers themselves. To adapt to such conditions,
sensor networks often adopt machine learning techniques to eliminate the need
for unnecessary redesign. Machine learning also inspires many practical
solutions that maximize resource utilization and prolong the lifespan of the
network. In this paper, we present an extensive literature review over the
period 2002-2013 of machine learning methods that were used to address common
issues in wireless sensor networks (WSNs). The advantages and disadvantages of
each proposed algorithm are evaluated against the corresponding problem. We
also provide a comparative guide to aid WSN designers in developing suitable
machine learning solutions for their specific application challenges.Comment: Accepted for publication in IEEE Communications Surveys and Tutorial
M-sequenze based ultra-wideband radar and its application to crack detection in salt mines
Die vorliegende Dissertation beschreibt einen innovativen ultra-breitband
(UWB)elektromagnetischen Sensor basierend auf einem
Pseudo-Rauschverfahren.Der Sensor wurde für zerstörungsfreies Testen in
zivilen Anwendungen entwickelt.Zerstörungsfreies Testen entwickelt sich zu
einem immer wichtiger werdenden Bereich in Forschung und Entwicklung. Neben
unzähligen weiteren Anwendungen und Technologien, besteht ein primäres
Aufgabenfeld in der Überwachung und Untersuchung von Bauwerken und
Baumaterialien durch berührungslose Messung aus der Ferne.Diese Arbeit
konzentriert sich auf das Beispiel der Auflockerungszone im Salzgestein.Der
Hintergrund und die Notwendigkeit, den Zustand der oberflächennahen
Salzschichten in Salzminen kennen zu müssen, werden beleuchtet und die
Messaufgabe anhand einfacher theoretischer Überlegungen beschrieben. Daraus
werden die Anforderungen für geeignete UWB Sensoren abgeleitet. Die
wichtigsten Eigenschaften sind eine sehr hohe Messband breite sowie eine sehr
saubere Systemimpulsantwort frei von systematischen Gerätefehlern. Beide
Eigenschaften sind notwendig, um die schwachen Rückstreuungen
der Auflockerungen trotz der unvermeidlichen starken Oberflächenreflexion
detektieren zu können.Da systematische Fehler bei UWB Geräten technisch
nicht von vorne herein komplett vermeidbar sind, muss der Sensor eine
Gerätekalibrierung erlauben, um solche Fehler möglichst gut zu
unterdrücken.Aufgrund der genannten Anforderungen und den Nebenbedingungen
der Messumgebung unter Tage, wurde aus den verschiedenen UWB-Technologien
ein Prinzip ausgewählt, welches pseudozufällige Maximalfolgen als
Anregungssignal benutzt. Das M-Sequenzkonzept dient als Ausgangpunkt für
zahlreiche Weiterentwicklungen. Ein neues Sendemodul erweitert dabei die
Messbandbreite auf 12~GHz. Die äquivalente Abtastrate wird um den Faktor
vier auf 36~GHz erhöht, ohne den geringen Abtastjitter des ursprünglichen
Konzepts zu vergrössern.Weiterhin wird die Umsetzung eines
Zweitormesskopfes zur Erfassung von S-Parametern sowie einer automatische
Kalibriereinheit beschrieben. Etablierte Kalibrierverfahren aus dem Bereich
der Netzwerkanalyse werden kurz rekapituliert und die Adaption des 8-Term
Verfahrens mit unbekanntem Transmissionsnormal für das
M-Sequenzsystem beschrieben. Dabei werden Kennwerte vorgeschlagen, die dem
Bediener unter Tage einfach erlauben, die Kalibrierqualität einzuschätzen
und Hinweise auf mögliche Gerätefehler oder andere Probleme zu bekommen.
Die Kalibriergenauigkeit des neuen Sensors im Labor wird mit der eines
Netzwerkanalysators verglichen. Beide Geräte erreichen eine störungsfreie
Dynamik von mehr als 60~dB in den Systemimpulsantworten für Reflexion und
Transmission.Der neu entwickelte UWB Sensor wurde in zahlreichen Messungen
in Salzminen in Deutschland getestet. Zwei Messbeispiele werden vorgestellt
- ein sehr alter, kreisrunder Tunnel sowie ein ovaler Tunnelstumpf,
welcher kurz vor den Messungen erst aufgefahren wurde. Messaufbauten und
Datenverarbeitung werden beschrieben. Schließlich werden Schlussfolgerungen
und Vorschläge für zukünftige Arbeiten mit dem neuen M-Sequenzsensor sowie
der Messung von Auflockerungen im Salzgestein diskutiert.This dissertation describes an innovative ultra-wideband
(UWB) electromagnetic sensor device based on a pseudo-noise principle
developed in the context of non-destructive testing in civil
engineering.Non-destructive testing is becoming a more and more important
fieldfor researchers and engineers alike. Besides the vast field of
possibleapplications and testing technologies, a prime and therefore
typical topic is the inspection and monitoringof constructions and
materials by means of contactless remote sensing techniques.This work
focuses on one example the assessment of the disaggregation zone in salt
rock tunnels.The background and relevance of knowing the state of salt rock
layers near a tunnel's surface are explainedand simple theoretical
considerations for requirements of suitable UWB sensor devices are shown.
The most important sensor parameters are a very large measurement bandwidth
and a very clean impulse response. The latterparameter translates into the
mandatory application of calibration techniques to remove systematic errors
of the sensor system itself. This enables detection of weak scattering
responses from near-surface disaggregation despite the presence of a strong
surface reflection.According to the mentioned requirements and other side
conditions in salt mine environments an UWB sensor principlebased on
pseudo-noise stimuli namely M-Sequences is selected as a starting point for
system development. A newtransmitter frontend for extending the stimulus
bandwidth up to 12~GHz is presented. Furthermore, a technique for
increasing the (equivalent) sampling rate while keeping the stable and
low-jitter sampling regime of the M-Sequencesapproach is introduced and its
implementation is shown. Moreover, an automatic calibration unit for full
two-port coaxial calibration of the new UWB sensor has been developed.
Common calibration techniques from the area of vector network analysers are
shortly reviewed and a reasonablealgorithm the 8-term method with an
unknown line standard - is selected for the M-Sequences device. The 8-term
method is defined in the frequency domain and is adapted for use with time
domain devices. Some performance figures and comparisonwith calibration
results from network analysers are discussed to show the effectiveness of
the calibration.A spurious-free dynamic range of the time domain impulse
responses in excess of 60~dB has been achieved for reflection as well as
transmission measurements.The new UWB sensor was used in various real world
measurements in different salt mines throughout Germany. Two
measurementexamples are described and results from the disaggregation zone
of a very old and a freshly cut tunnel will be presented. Measurement setup
and data processing are discussed and finally some conclusions for future
work on this topic are drawn
Guidebook on Detection Technologies and Systems for Humanitarian Demining
The aim of this publication is to provide the mine action community, and those supporting mine action, with a consolidated review and status summary of detection technologies that could be applied to humanitarian demining operations. This Guidebook is meant to provide information to a wide variety of readers. For those not familiar with the spectrum of technologies being considered for the detection of landmines and for area reduction, there is a brief overview of the principle of operation for each technology as well as a summary listing of the strengths, limitations, and potential for use of the technology to humanitarian demining. For those with an intermediate level of understanding for detection technologies, there is information regarding some of the more technical details of the system to give an expanded overview of the principles involved and hardware development that has taken place. Where possible, technical specifications for the systems are provided. For those requiring more information for a particular system, relevant publications lists and contact information are also provided
1-D broadside-radiating leaky-wave antenna based on a numerically synthesized impedance surface
A newly-developed deterministic numerical technique for the automated design of metasurface antennas is applied here for the first time to the design of a 1-D printed Leaky-Wave Antenna (LWA) for broadside radiation. The surface impedance synthesis process does not require any a priori knowledge on the impedance pattern, and starts from a mask constraint on the desired far-field and practical bounds on the unit cell impedance values. The designed reactance surface for broadside radiation exhibits a non conventional patterning; this highlights the merit of using an automated design process for a design well known to be challenging for analytical methods. The antenna is physically implemented with an array of metal strips with varying gap widths and simulation results show very good agreement with the predicted performance