Generation of UML class diagram from software requirement specification using natural language processing

Any software development process starts with requirement analysis. The phase from requirement analysis to chalking out a design is acknowledged as the most intricate and troublesome exercises in programming advancement. Failures brought about throughout this action could be very unmanageable to alter in later periods of programming advancement. One primary purpose behind such potential issues is on account of the prerequisite determination being in natural language form. To conquer this, a tool has been designed, which plans can give semi-automatized aid for designers to produce UML class model from software specifications utilizing Natural Language Processing techniques. The proposed technique outlines the class diagram in a standard configuration and additionally records out the relationship between classes

Generación del diagrama de casos de uso a partir del lenguaje natural o controlado: una revisión crítica

El diagrama de casos de uso es importante en el desarrollo de aplicaciones de software para capturar los requisitos funcionales y para manejar la complejidad de sistemas robustos. En este artículo, se presenta una revisión crítica de los trabajos relacionados con la obtención del diagrama de casos de uso, partiendo de representaciones del discurso del interesado en lenguaje natural o controlado. De esta revisión, se concluye que el proceso suele partir de representaciones difíciles de conseguir en las etapas iniciales del software, que aún se realiza de forma asistida por el analista y que es todavía incompleto, pues no se identifican las relaciones especiales entre los actores y los casos de uso del diagrama

ASSOCIATIVE SUSTAINABILITY BUSINESS MODELS IN THE SPECIALTY COFFEE NICHE A Mixed-Method Study Assessing the Impact of ASBMs to Quality and Sustainability Challenges Within the SCN Actors in Norway and Uganda.

Executive Summary Purpose The coffee industry is traditionally known for ethical and sustainability challenges at the upstream. Specialty coffee is likely to make a difference through ethical sourcing strategies, more effective production practices, and higher quality products. This requires business models which rely on collaboration, association, and partnership. Problem statement How can associative sustainable business models solve sustainability challenges within the specialty coffee sector? Design/methodology/approach Using a mixed-method, we collected data from 184 Ugandan coffee farmers via questionnaires, Focus Group Discussions, key informant interviews, and transect walks. Furthermore, we conducted semi-structured interviews with one trader, one exporter, two estates from Uganda, and three roasters, one importer from Norway to examine the impacts of relationships between coffee producers and processors on sustainability and quality. Findings Our findings showed that specialty coffee is based on direct relationships between upstream and downstream. This is also in line with the existing literature. However, relationships in different forms make it complicated. We found that connective businesses play an important role, especially where the farms are of small sizes, like in Uganda. The core of the specialty coffee niche is that actors rely on building and maintaining long-term relationships to increase quality. The findings indicated that collaboration, cooperation, and partnerships in sustainable business models within the specialty coffee niche can lead to socio-economic sustainability. Especially when stakeholders are acknowledged beyond elements. Keywords: Environmental, Social, and economic, Stakeholder theory, Business model innovation, Relationships, Collaboration and Partnerships, Agricultural value chains, sustainability challenges, Specialty coffee Niche, Smallholder farmers, SDG

Use case diagram generation from naural or controlled language: a critical review.

El diagrama de casos de uso es importante en el desarrollo de aplicaciones de software para capturar los requisitos funcionales y para manejar la complejidad de sistemas robustos. En este artículo, se presenta una revisión crítica de los trabajos relacionados con la obtención del diagrama de casos de uso, partiendo de representaciones del discurso del interesado en lenguaje natural o controlado. De esta revisión, se concluye que el proceso suele partir de representaciones difíciles de conseguir en las etapas iniciales del software, que aún se realiza de forma asistida por el analista y que es todavía incompleto, pues no se identifican las relaciones especiales entre los actores y los casos de uso del diagrama. /Abstract: Use case diagram is useful in software application development in order to capture functional requirements and to manage robust system complexity. We present, in this paper, a critical review of works concerned to the use case diagram obtaining from stakeholder discourse representations, in the form of natural or controlled language discourses. We conclude, from this review, that such representations are difficult to obtain in the previous stages of software development, when the analyst must subjectively influence the process, and when the process is still incomplete, due to the lack of special actor-use-case relationship identification

Validating an approach to formalize use cases with ontologies

Use case driven development methodologies put use cases at the center of the software development process. However, in order to support automated development and analysis, use cases need to be appropriately formalized. This will also help guarantee consistency between requirements specifications and developed solutions. Formal methods tend to suffer from take up issues, as they are usually hard to accept by industry. In this context, it is relevant not only to produce languages and approaches to support formalization, but also to perform their validation. In previous works we have developed an approach to formalize use cases resorting to ontologies. In this paper we present the validation of one such approach. Through a three stage study, we evaluate the acceptance of the language and supporting tool. The first stage focusses on the acceptance of the process and language, the second on the support the tool provides to the process, and finally the third one on the tool's usability aspects. Results show test subjects found the approach feasible and useful and the tool easy to use.This work is financed by the ERDF - European Regional Development Fund through the Operational Programme for Competitiveness and Internationalisation - COMPETE 2020 Programme within project "POCI-01-0145-FEDER-006961", and by National Funds through the FCT - Fundacao para a Ciencia e a Tecnologia (Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology) as part of project UID/EEA/50014/2013

Illuminating The Irish Free State: Nationalism, National Identity, And The Promotion Of The Shannon Hydroelectric Scheme

This dissertation focuses on the ways in which the Shannon Hydroelectric Scheme influenced perceptions of Irishness in the fraught context of postcolonial nation building. The Irish Free State, established by a treaty with Great Britain in 1921, faced the difficult task of maintaining order and establishing stable institutions for the new state. One of the government\u27s most audacious efforts to achieve these objectives was to construct the largest hydroelectric dam in the world on the River Shannon in 1925 with the help of German contractors from Siemens-Schuckert. The first half of the dissertation deals with several ideological issues brought to the fore by the Scheme. I will demonstrate how the Free State government usurped the project as a symbol of its own political success, and the ways in which the education system and the Catholic Church responded to the demands of modernity. The presence of hundreds of German engineers and their families, and the absence of any real participation by the British, provided an unparalleled opportunity for the Irish to explore concepts of otherness and race--hot-button issues in the interwar period. Regional tensions similarly allowed various Irish people to define themselves within the national community, as the people of Limerick distinguished their community from Dublin, Cork, and the Gaeltacht. The second half of the dissertation deals specifically with the promotional campaigns designed for tourists and women. The Shannon Scheme served as a nexus where interwar and postcolonial issues converged and provided a space for the Irish to examine intricate facets of their local and national identities. In discussions about the dam, politicians, electricians, journalists, priests, and citizens articulated theories about politics, religion, education, race, and gender. By focusing on the promotion of the Scheme, I can reconstruct the ideal image of Irishness its advocates sought to cultivate, with Irish, imperial, and international audiences in mind. I argue that Ireland\u27s former colonial status dictated the particular contours of identity formation, but that perceptions of nationalism, modernity, and Irishness were multifaceted and shaped as much from within national boundaries as they were by global responses to the new state demonstrating autonomy

Automatische Modellerzeugung aus klassifizierten und modellbasierten Anforderungen

Die Erhebung und Analyse der Anforderungen ist eine Schlüsselphase eines technischen Projekts. Schlechte oder fehlerhafte Anforderungen an komplizierte Softwareprodukte können zu einer schwerwiegenden Konsequenz führen. Ein verbreitetes Verfahren ist die Erhebung der Anforderungen aus natürlich sprachlichen Texten. Einerseits kann das Verfahren die gute Verständlichkeit natürlicher Sprache bieten, andererseits lassen sich dabei die Mehrdeutigkeiten natürlicher Sprache nicht vermeiden. Außerdem wird in manchen Bereichen, bei denen modellbasierte Ansätze zur Anwendung kommen, die Anforderungsanalyse unter Verwendung von natürlich sprachlichen Texten durchgeführt. Dadurch ist die Verbindung zwischen Anforderungsanalyse und Entwurf nicht so gut möglich. In dieser Arbeit wurde ein System UML Model Generator (UMG) entworfen, das Modelle aus klassifzierten und modellbasierten Anforderungen generiert. Mit den Modellen können die Anforderungen nicht nur textuell sondern auch grafisch dargestellt werden. Die Qualität der Anforderungsanalyse wird dadurch verbessert und ein Übergang von der Anforderungsanalyse hin zum Entwurf wird ebenfalls ermöglicht und Mehrdeutigkeiten werden vermieden. Das UMG System bietet die Funktionalität der Klassifizierung, die auf einem vorhandenen REC System aus der Diplomarbeit [Zwi13] basiert, welches Anforderungen aus technischen Spezifikationen extrahiert und klassifiziert. Zur Erzeugung der Modelle extrahiert UMG die funktionalen Anforderungen aus einem texutellen Dokument, welche Funktionen eines zu entwickelnden Systems beschreiben können. Für UMG wurde ein Datenmodell entworfen, das die extrahierten Anforderungen in Format von UML Model Generator XML (UMGX) darstellt. Darauf aufbauend kann ein modellbasiertes Anforderungsdokument generiert, in dem alle essentiellen Informationen zur Erzeugung der Modelle von Anforderungen beinhaltet sind. Ein UMGX Dokument enthält Anwendungsfälle und gegebenenfalls zu diesen die Standardabläufe. Als ein grundsätzliches Konzept von UMG ermöglicht das Datenmodell beliebige Änderungen und Erweiterungen zu den Anforderungen und deren Modelle.The elicitation and analysis of the requirements is a key phase of a technical project. Incorrect requirements for complex software products can lead to a serious consequence. A widespread procedure is the requirement elicitation from natural language texts. On the one hand, the procedure can offer a good understandability of natural language. On the other hand, the ambiguities of natural language are not to avoid. Requirements analysis using natural language texts is carried out in some areas, where model-based approaches are used. Therefore the connection between requirements analysis and design is not really possible. In this study, a system UML Model Generator (UMG) was designed to generate models from classified and model-based requirements. With the models the requirements can be represented not only textually but also graphically. This improves the quality of the requirements analysis and enables a transition from requirements analysis to requirements design. The ambiguity of natural languages will also be avoided. The UML Model Generator (UMG) system offers the functionality of the classification based on an existing Requirement Extractor and Classifier (REC) system from the thesis [Zwi13], which extracts and classifies requirements from technical specifications. The UMG system can extract functional requirements from a textual document and generate their models. A data model was designed for UMG, which represents the extracted requirements in format of UML Model Generator XML (UMGX). Based on the data model a model-based requirements document can be generated, which includes all essential information about the generation of the models. A UMGX document contains use cases and their basic flows. As a basic concept of the UMG system, the data model allows any changes and extensions to the requirements and their models

"Few Supporters and No Organisation"? Cumann Na Ngaedheal Organisation and Policy, 1923-33

As stated, this thesis is organised in two parts. Part I comprises the first five chapters, part II the latter four. Chapter one is an introductory chapter that examines the origins of the Cumann na nGaedheal party, founded in December 1922 and launched in April 1923. It looks at the new cultural nationalism emerging at the turn of the twentieth century and the eclipse of the Irish party after 1916. This chapter draws on the work of Laffan and Garvin in helping to understand that Sinn Féin was united for four years and that the different sides in 1922 represented, to a certain extent, different factions of the superficially united revolutionary party. Chapter two outlines Cumann na nGaedheal’s national structures and its performance in general elections during the period 1923-33. As such, the chapter paves the way for the following three which chart the party organisation’s fortunes in three representative constituencies. Chapters three, four and five focus exclusively on party life in the three constituencies of Clare, Longford/Westmeath and Dublin North. Clare was chosen because the western county was the bailiwick of Eamon de Valera and Cumann na nGaedheal struggled for support there, only ever winning one of the five seats available. Longford/Westmeath was chosen because it lies in the midlands, was a two-county constituency and represented something of a middle ground in terms of Cumann na nGaedheal support.28 In three of the five elections between 1923 and 1933, the party won one seat in Longford/Westmeath before gaining a second in September 1927, which was successfully defended as the party lost power in 1932. The third constituency, Dublin North was selected because it was an urban constituency representing the northern portion of the capital. Moreover, it was something of a Cumann na nGaedheal stronghold for much of the period, returning four Cumann na nGaedheal deputies to the Dáil in 1923 and September 1927 and three in the elections of June 1927, February 1932 and January 1933. In addition, Dublin North and Longford/Westmeath witnessed byelections in this period while the locations of the three constituencies provide the study with something of an even geographical balance. Chapter six provides an overview of political, social and economic change in Europe from 1918 to 1933. This chapter draws heavily on secondary sources (mentioned above) and is designed to set a wider, international context to Irish policy choices that are described in chapters seven and eight. Parallels between events in Ireland and Europe are noted as are various points of contrast. Chapter seven documents the first period of Cumann na nGaedheal government, 1923 to 1928, stopping short of the generally accepted date for the onset of the Great Depression in 1929.29 The chapter charts the government’s attempts to place the new state’s finances on a firm footing arguing that its policy preferences largely corresponded with the dominant ‘gold standard orthodoxy’ of the period. Chapter eight looks at Free State government policy between 1929 and 1933. As such the chapter scrutinises the last years of Cumann na nGaedheal administration and the first year of de Valera’s government. The chapter charts the downturn in the Irish economy from about 1930 as trade collapsed and recognises that the Cumann na nGaedheal cabinet, like most European governments, were slow to realise their mistake in simply continuing to pursue deflationary policies. New approaches were needed and governments across Europe fell to more radical or extremist alternatives usually encompassing some form of economic nationalism as international cooperation all but came to an end in the early 1930s. The chapter argues that Fianna Fáil, as the Irish advocate of protectionism and economic nationalism, found itself coming to power in 1932 at a time when its policy was beginning to carry weight internationally. In the thesis that follows, it will be seen that there was more to the Cumann na nGaedheal party’s organisation and policy than has been depicted to date. The party took the reins of government at a very difficult time as the country emerged from a destructive civil war into statehood as the international economy creaked. On losing their two leaders, Collins and Griffith in 1922, Cosgrave and his colleagues were charged with leading the country through those turbulent years. Having taken the less glamorous side in the Treaty division, the political initiative for change would rest ultimately with their opponents and recruitment of a mass party membership was neither a priority, nor an easy task, for a government facing such gargantuan difficulties. However, in the pages that follow it is hoped that the reader will gain some fascinating new insights into pro-Treaty mobilisation in the years 1923-33