24,487 research outputs found
Teleonomy
The distinction between teleology and teleonomy that biologists sometimes refer to seems to be helpful in certain contexts, but it is used in several different ways and has rarely been clearly drawn. This paper discusses three prominent uses of the term “teleonomy” and traces its history back to what seems to be its first use. This use is examined in detail and then justified and refined on the basis of elements found in the philosophy of Aristotle, Kant, Anscombe and others. In the course of this explication, it will also be shown how the description of end-directed processes relates to their explanation
Applying Reliability Metrics to Co-Reference Annotation
Studies of the contextual and linguistic factors that constrain discourse
phenomena such as reference are coming to depend increasingly on annotated
language corpora. In preparing the corpora, it is important to evaluate the
reliability of the annotation, but methods for doing so have not been readily
available. In this report, I present a method for computing reliability of
coreference annotation. First I review a method for applying the information
retrieval metrics of recall and precision to coreference annotation proposed by
Marc Vilain and his collaborators. I show how this method makes it possible to
construct contingency tables for computing Cohen's Kappa, a familiar
reliability metric. By comparing recall and precision to reliability on the
same data sets, I also show that recall and precision can be misleadingly high.
Because Kappa factors out chance agreement among coders, it is a preferable
measure for developing annotated corpora where no pre-existing target
annotation exists.Comment: 10 pages, 2-column format; uuencoded, gzipped, tarfil
LangPro: Natural Language Theorem Prover
LangPro is an automated theorem prover for natural language
(https://github.com/kovvalsky/LangPro). Given a set of premises and a
hypothesis, it is able to prove semantic relations between them. The prover is
based on a version of analytic tableau method specially designed for natural
logic. The proof procedure operates on logical forms that preserve linguistic
expressions to a large extent. %This property makes the logical forms easily
obtainable from syntactic trees. %, in particular, Combinatory Categorial
Grammar derivation trees. The nature of proofs is deductive and transparent. On
the FraCaS and SICK textual entailment datasets, the prover achieves high
results comparable to state-of-the-art.Comment: 6 pages, 8 figures, Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural
Language Processing (EMNLP) 201
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