The proteins of intra-nuclear bodies: a data-driven analysis of sequence, interaction and expression

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Cajal bodies, nucleoli, PML nuclear bodies, and nuclear speckles are morpohologically distinct intra-nuclear structures that dynamically respond to cellular cues. Such nuclear bodies are hypothesized to play important regulatory roles, e.g. by sequestering and releasing transcription factors in a timely manner. While the nucleolus and nuclear speckles have received more attention experimentally, the PML nuclear body and the Cajal body are still incompletely characterized in terms of their roles and protein complement.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>By collating recent experimentally verified data, we find that almost 1000 proteins in the mouse nuclear proteome are known to associate with one or more of the nuclear bodies. Their gene ontology terms highlight their regulatory roles: splicing is confirmed to be a core activity of speckles and PML nuclear bodies house a range of proteins involved in DNA repair. We train support-vector machines to show that nuclear proteins contain discriminative sequence features that can be used to identify their intra-nuclear body associations. Prediction accuracy is highest for nucleoli and nuclear speckles. The trained models are also used to estimate the full protein complement of each nuclear body. Protein interactions are found primarily to link proteins in the nuclear speckles with proteins from other compartments. Cell cycle expression data provide support for increased activity in nucleoli, nuclear speckles and PML nuclear bodies especially during S and G₂phases.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>The large-scale analysis of the mouse nuclear proteome sheds light on the <it>functional </it>organization of <it>physically </it>embodied intra-nuclear compartments. We observe partial support for the hypothesis that the physical organization of the nucleus mirrors functional modularity. However, we are unable to unambiguously identify proteins' intra-nuclear destination, suggesting that critical drivers behind of intra-nuclear translocation are yet to be identified.</p

Cargo transport through the nuclear pore complex at a glance

Bidirectional transport of macromolecules across the nuclear envelope is a hallmark of eukaryotic cells, in which the genetic material is compartmentalized inside the nucleus. The nuclear pore complex (NPC) is the major gateway to the nucleus and it regulates nucleocytoplasmic transport, which is key to processes including transcriptional regulation and cell cycle control. Accordingly, components of the nuclear transport machinery are often found to be dysregulated or hijacked in diseases. In this Cell Science at a Glance article and accompanying poster, we provide an overview of our current understanding of cargo transport through the NPC, from the basic transport signals and machinery to more emerging aspects, all from a 'cargo perspective'. Among these, we discuss the transport of large cargoes (>15 nm), as well as the roles of different cargo properties to nuclear transport, from size and number of bound nuclear transport receptors (NTRs), to surface and mechanical properties

Nuclear export signals (NESs) in Arabidopsis thaliana : development and experimental validation of a prediction tool

Rubiano Castellanos CC. Nuclear export signals (NESs) in Arabidopsis thaliana : development and experimental validation of a prediction tool. Bielefeld (Germany): Bielefeld University; 2010.It is well established that nucleo-cytoplasmic shuttling regulates not only the localization but also the activity of many proteins like transcription factors, cell cycle regulators and tumor suppressor proteins just to mention some. Also in plants the nucleo-cytoplasmic partitioning of proteins emerges as an important regulation mechanism for many plant-specific processes. One requirement for a protein to shuttle between nucleus and cytoplasm lies in its nuclear export activity. The widely used mechanism for export of proteins from the nucleus involves the receptor Exportin 1 and the presence of a nuclear export signal (NES) in the cargo protein. Given the big amount of sequence data available nowadays the possibility to use a computational tool to predict the proteins potentially containing an NES would help to facilitate the screening and experimental characterization of NES-containing proteins. However, the computational prediction of NESs is a challenging task. Currently there is only one NES prediction tool and that is unfortunately not accurate for predicting these signals in proteins of plants. In that direction, this study aimed mainly at developing a prediction method for identifying NESs in proteins from Arabidopsis and to validate its usefulness experimentally. It included also the definition of the influence of the NES protein context in the nuclear export activity of specific proteins of Arabidopsis. Three machine-learning algorithms (i.e. k-NN, SVM and Random Forests) were trained with experimentally validated NES sequences from proteins of Arabidopsis and other organisms. Two kinds of features were included, the sequence of the NESs expressed as the score obtained from an HMM profile constructed with the NES sequences of proteins from Arabidopsis, and physicochemical properties of the amino acid residues expressed as amino acid index values. The Random Forest classifier was selected among the three classifiers after evaluation of the performance by different methods. It showed to be highly accurate (accuracy values over 85 percent, classification error around 10 percent, MCC around 0.7 and area under the ROC curve around 0.90) and performed better than the other two trained classifiers. Using the Random Forest classifier around 5000 proteins from the total of protein sequences from Arabidopsis were predicted as containing NESs. A group of these proteins was selected by using Gene Ontologies (GO) and from this last group, 13 proteins were experimentally tested for nuclear export activity. 11 out of those 13 proteins showed positive interaction with the receptor Exportin 1 (XPO1a) from Arabidopsis in yeast two-hybrid assays. The proteins showing nuclear export activity include 9 transcription factors and 2 DNA metabolism-related proteins. Furthermore, it was established that the amino acid residues located between the hydrophobic residues in the NES as well as the protein structure of the regions around the NES could modify the nuclear export activity of some proteins. In conclusion, this work presents a new prediction tool for NESs in proteins of Arabidopsis based on a Random Forest classifier. The experimental validation of the nuclear export activity in a selected group of proteins is an indicative of the usefulness of the tool. From the biological point of view, the nuclear export activity observed in those proteins strongly suggest that nucleo-cytoplasmic partitioning could be involved in the regulation of their functions. For the follow up research the further characterization of the proteins showing positive nuclear export activity as well as the validation of additional predicted NES-containing proteins is envisioned. In the near future, the developed tool is going to be available as a web application to facilitate and promote its further usage

NLR we there yet? Nucleocytoplasmic coordination of NLR-mediated immunity

Plant intracellular nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeat immune receptors (NLRs) perceive the activity of pathogen-secreted effector molecules that, when undetected, promote colonisation of hosts. Signalling from activated NLRs converges with and potentiates downstream responses from activated pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) that sense microbial signatures at the cell surface. Efficient signalling of both receptor branches relies on the host cell nucleus as an integration point for transcriptional reprogramming, and on the macromolecular transport processes that mediate the communication between cytoplasm and nucleoplasm. Studies on nuclear pore complexes (NPCs), the nucleoporin proteins (NUPs) that compose NPCs, and nuclear transport machinery constituents that control nucleocytoplasmic transport, have revealed that they play important roles in regulating plant immune responses. Here, we discuss the contributions of nucleoporins and nuclear transport receptor (NTR)-mediated signal transduction in plant immunity with an emphasis on NLR immune signalling across the nuclear compartment boundary and within the nucleus. We also highlight and discuss cytoplasmic and nuclear functions of NLRs and their signalling partners and further consider the potential implications of NLR activation and resistosome formation in both cellular compartments for mediating plant pathogen resistance and programmed host cell death

Importin-binding Regulates Contractile Proteins for Cytokinesis

Cytokinesis, the last step of mitosis, describes the physical separation of a cell into two daughters. In metazoan cells, a contractile ring composed of actin and myosin forms at the division plane and constricts the plasma membrane of the cell. Failure to complete cytokinesis or aberrant cell division can result in changes in fate or cause aneuploidy, both of which are hallmarks of cancer and other pathologies. To ensure that the assembly and constriction of the contractile ring is spatiotemporally coordinated with chromosome segregation, multiple pathways function cooperatively to regulate the localization and function of contractile proteins. These include pathways from the mitotic spindle, which provides cues for ring assembly and positioning. In addition, our lab recently uncovered a novel pathway which senses chromatin to position the ring. The work described here helped to elucidate the molecular mechanisms by which spindle-dependent and -independent pathways work together for cytokinesis, and to find novel targets of the chromatin pathway. Here, we show how the binding of importins, microtubules and RhoA are coordinated to regulate the scaffold protein anillin for cytokinesis. We also show that the NLS of Ect2, the activator of RhoA, is required for cytokinesis. Finally, to identify other contractile proteins regulated the Ran pathway in cytokinesis, a BioID of importin-β1 identified 206 potential new mitotic proximity interactors

SynGAP splice variants display heterogeneous spatio-temporal expression and subcellular distribution in the developing mammalian brain

Altres ajuts: Financial support for this work was provided by: Career Integration Grant (ref. 304111), Ramón y Cajal Fellowship (RYC-2011-08391p) IEDI-2017-00822; ; BES-2013-063720 (MINECO) to GG; MH096847 (NIH), MH108408 (NIH) and NS064079 (NIH) to GR and RO1 MH112151 (NIH) to RLH. All experiments were conducted in compliance with the ARRIVE guidelines.The SynGAP protein is a major regulator of synapse biology and neural circuit function. Genetic variants linked to epilepsy and intellectual disability disrupt synaptic function and neural excitability. SynGAP has been involved in multiple signaling pathways and can regulate small GTPases with very different roles. Yet, the molecular bases behind this pleiotropy are poorly understood. We hypothesize that different SynGAP isoforms will mediate different sets of functions and that deciphering their spatio-temporal expression and subcellular localization will accelerate understanding their multiple functions. Using isoform-specific antibodies recognizing SynGAP in mouse and human samples we found distinctive developmental expression patterns for all SynGAP isoforms in five mouse brain areas. Particularly noticeable was the delayed expression of SynGAP-α1 isoforms, which directly bind to postsynaptic density-95, in cortex and hippocampus during the first 2 weeks of postnatal development. Suggesting that during this period other isoforms would have a more prominent role. Furthermore, we observed subcellular localization differences between isoforms, particularly throughout postnatal development. Consistent with previous reports, SynGAP was enriched in the postsynaptic density in the mature forebrain. However, SynGAP was predominantly found in non-synaptic locations in a period of early postnatal development highly sensitive to SynGAP levels. While, α1 isoforms were always found enriched in the postsynaptic density, α2 isoforms changed from a non-synaptic to a mostly postsynaptic density localization with age and β isoforms were always found enriched in non-synaptic locations. The differential expression and subcellular distribution of SynGAP isoforms may contribute to isoform-specific regulation of small GTPases, explaining SynGAP pleiotropy. Syngap1 gene encodes for different synaptic Ras/Rap GTPase-activating (SynGAP) isoforms which are key for brain function. SynGAP C-termini splice variants show different spatio-temporal expression and subcellular localization in the developing mouse brain. This study reveals a non-synaptic and heterogenous role of SynGAP spliced variants. Depicted abundance differences only allow relative comparison within a given tissue (top panel), postnatal age (PND, middle panel), or subcellular distribution (bottom panel). Ctx, cortex; Hip, hippocampus; Str, striatum; OB, Olfactory Bulb; Crb, cerebellum and tSynGAP, total SynGAP

A computational study of nucleosomal binding and alternative isoforms of human transcription factors

Eukaryotic transcription factors (TFs) are proteins that bind short DNA motifs and regulate gene transcription. Because genomic DNA is organised into nucleosomes via binding histone octamers, TFs compete with histones for binding DNA. Also, the functions of a TF are mainly defined by its domains; therefore, a TF gene can vary the characteristics of its protein product through the expression of alternative isoforms with different domains. However, the mechanisms of TF-nucleosome interactions and the functional importance of alternative TF isoforms are not fully understood. Here, I address these two problems computationally via the integrative analysis of publicly available in vivo human sequencing data. First, I evaluated a novel, gyre-spanning, mode of TF-nucleosome binding proposed recently by another lab based on in vitro evidence. Analysing the nucleosome occupancy and TF binding in the human genome, I found no evidence of such binding and concluded that it must be extremely rare, if at all present. Secondly, I studied the alternative isoforms of human TFs genome-wide. I found that independently of the gene length and the number of exons, TF genes more efficiently sample the set of possible alternative isoforms than non-TF genes, suggesting the particular importance of alternative isoforms for TFs. Also, I found that TF isoforms without a DNA-binding domain (DBD) are produced by almost a third of all human TFs, tend to be tissue-specific and likely reverse the transcription regulation effect of DBD-containing isoforms. Moreover, I demonstrated that the switches of the highest-expressed TF isoforms across human adult tissues may represent a widespread functional mechanism. Finally, I collected a compendium of human TFs with experimentally characterised alternative isoforms which will hopefully serve as a resource for future studies. In summary, my analysis further developed the fundamental knowledge about the TF-nucleosome interactions and the alternative isoforms of TFs in humans.Open Acces

Gene regulation during stress response transcription in Saccharomyces Cerevisiae

DYNAMIC TRANSCRIPTOME ANALYSIS MEASURES RATES OF MRNA SYNTHESIS AND DECAY IN YEAST To obtain rates of mRNA synthesis and decay in yeast, we established dynamic transcriptome analysis (DTA). DTA combines non-perturbing metabolic RNA labeling with dynamic kinetic modeling. DTA reveals that most mRNA synthesis rates are around several transcripts per cell and cell cycle, and most mRNA half-lives range around a median of 11 min. DTA can monitor the cellular response to osmotic stress with higher sensitivity and temporal resolution than standard transcriptomics. In contrast to monotonically increasing total mRNA levels, DTA reveals three phases of the stress response. During the initial shock phase, mRNA synthesis and decay rates decrease globally, resulting in mRNA storage. During the subsequent induction phase, both rates increase for a subset of genes, resulting in production and rapid removal of stress-responsive mRNAs. During the recovery phase, decay rates are largely restored, whereas synthesis rates remain altered, apparently enabling growth at high salt concentration. Stress-induced changes in mRNA synthesis rates are predicted from gene occupancy with RNA polymerase II. Thus, DTA realistically monitors the dynamics in mRNA metabolism that underlie gene regulatory systems.MEDIATOR PHOSPHORYLATION PREVENTS STRESS RESPONSE TRANSCRIPTION DURING NON STRESS CONDITIONS The multiprotein complex Mediator is a coactivator of RNA polymerase (Pol) II transcription that is required for the regulated expression of protein-coding genes. Mediator serves as an endpoint of signaling pathways and regulates Pol II transcription, but the mechanisms it uses are not well understood. Here we used mass spectrometry and dynamic transcriptome analysis to investigate a functional role of Mediator phosphorylation in gene expression. Affinity purification and mass spectrometry revealed that Mediator from the yeast S. cerevisiae is phosphorylated at multiple sites a 17 out of its 25 subunits. Mediator phosphorylation levels change upon an external stimulus set by exposure of cells to high salt concentrations. Phosphorylated sites in the Mediator tail subunit Med15 are required for suppression of stress-induced changes in gene expression under non-stress conditions. Thus dynamic and differential Mediator phosphorylation contributes to gene regulation in eukaryotic cells

Identification de nouveaux substrats des kinases Erk1/2 par une approche bio-informatique, pharmacologique et phosphoprotéomique

La phosphorylation est une modification post-traductionnelle omniprésente des protéines Cette modification est ajoutée et enlevée par l’activité enzymatique respective des protéines kinases et phosphatases. Les kinases Erk1/2 sont au cœur d’une voie de signalisation importante qui régule l’activité de protéines impliquées dans la traduction, le cycle cellulaire, le réarrangement du cytosquelette et la transcription. Ces kinases sont aussi impliquées dans le développement de l’organisme, le métabolisme du glucose, la réponse immunitaire et la mémoire. Différentes pathologies humaines comme le diabète, les maladies cardiovasculaires et principalement le cancer, sont associées à une perturbation de la phosphorylation sur les différents acteurs de cette voie. Considérant l’importance biologique et clinique de ces deux kinases, connaître l’étendue de leur activité enzymatique pourrait mener au développement de nouvelles thérapies pharmacologiques. Dans ce contexte, l’objectif principal de cette thèse était de mesurer l’influence de cette voie sur le phosphoprotéome et de découvrir de nouveaux substrats des kinases Erk1/2. Une étude phosphoprotéomique de cinétique d’inhibition pharmacologique de la voie de signalisation Erk1/2 a alors été entreprise. Le succès de cette étude était basé sur trois technologies clés, soit l’enrichissement des phosphopeptides avec le dioxyde de titane, la spectrométrie de masse haut débit et haute résolution, et le développement d’une plateforme bio-informatique nommée ProteoConnections. Cette plateforme permet d’organiser les données de protéomique, évaluer leur qualité, indiquer les changements d’abondance et accélérer l’interprétation des données. Une fonctionnalité distinctive de ProteoConnections est l’annotation des sites phosphorylés identifiés (kinases, domaines, structures, conservation, interactions protéiques phospho-dépendantes). Ces informations ont été essentielles à l’analyse des 9615 sites phosphorylés sur les 2108 protéines identifiées dans cette étude, soit le plus large ensemble rapporté chez le rat jusqu’à ce jour. L’analyse des domaines protéiques a révélé que les domaines impliqués dans les interactions avec les protéines, les acides nucléiques et les autres molécules sont les plus fréquemment phosphorylés et que les sites sont stratégiquement localisés pour affecter les interactions. Un algorithme a été implémenté pour trouver les substrats potentiels des kinases Erk1/2 à partir des sites identifiés selon leur motif de phosphorylation, leur cinétique de stimulation au sérum et l’inhibition pharmacologique de Mek1/2. Une liste de 157 substrats potentiels des kinases Erk1/2 a ainsi été obtenue. Parmi les substrats identifiés, douze ont déjà été rapportés et plusieurs autres ont des fonctions associées aux substrats déjà connus. Six substrats (Ddx47, Hmg20a, Junb, Map2k2, Numa1, Rras2) ont été confirmés par un essai kinase in vitro avec Erk1. Nos expériences d’immunofluorescence ont démontré que la phosphorylation de Hmg20a sur la sérine 105 par Erk1/2 affecte la localisation nucléocytoplasmique de cette protéine. Finalement, les phosphopeptides isomériques positionnels, soit des peptides avec la même séquence d’acides aminés mais phosphorylés à différentes positions, ont été étudiés avec deux nouveaux algorithmes. Cette étude a permis de déterminer leur fréquence dans un extrait enrichi en phosphopeptides et d’évaluer leur séparation par chromatographie liquide en phase inverse. Une stratégie analytique employant un des algorithmes a été développée pour réaliser une analyse de spectrométrie de masse ciblée afin de découvrir les isomères ayant été manqués par la méthode d’analyse conventionnelle.Phosphorylation is an omnipresent post-translational modification of proteins that regulates numerous cellular processes. This modification is controlled by the enzymatic activity of protein kinases and phosphatases. Erk1/2 kinases are central to an important signaling pathway that modulates translation, cell cycle, cytoskeleton rearrangement and transcription. They are also implicated in organism development, glucose metabolism, immune response and memory. Different human pathologies such as diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, and most importantly cancer, are associated with misregulation or mutations in members of this pathway. Considering the biological and clinical importance of those two kinases, discovering the extent of their enzymatic activity could favor the development of new pharmacological therapies. In this context, the principal objective of this thesis was to measure the influence of this pathway on the phosphoproteome and to discover new substrates of the Erk1/2 kinases. A phosphoproteomics study on the pharmacological inhibition kinetics of the Erk1/2 signaling pathway was initiated. The success of this study was based on three key technologies such as phosphopeptides enrichment with titanium dioxide, high-throughput and high-resolution mass spectrometry, and the development of ProteoConnections, a bioinformatics analysis platform. This platform is dedicated to organize proteomics data, evaluate data quality, report changes of abundance and accelerate data interpretation. A distinctive functionality of ProteoConnections is the annotation of phosphorylated sites (kinases, domains, structures, conservation, phospho-dependant protein interactions, etc.). This information was essential for the dataset analysis of 9615 phosphorylated sites identified on 2108 proteins during the study, which is, until now, the largest one reported for rat. Protein domain analysis revealed that domains implicated in proteins, nucleic acids and other molecules binding were the most frequently phosphorylated and that these sites are strategically located to affect the interactions. An algorithm was implemented to find Erk1/2 kinases potential substrates of identified sites using their phosphorylation motif, serum stimulation and Mek1/2 inhibition kinetic profile. A list of 157 potential Erk1/2 substrates was obtained. Twelve of them were previously reported and many more have functions associated to known substrates. Six substrates (Ddx47, Hmg20a, Junb, Map2k2, Numa1, and Rras2) were confirmed by in vitro kinase assays with Erk1. Our immunofluorescence experiments demonstrated that the phosphorylation of Hmg20a on serine 105 by Erk1/2 affects the nucleocytoplasmic localization of this protein. Finally, phosphopeptides positional isomers, peptides with the same amino acids sequence but phosphorylated at different positions, were studied with two new algorithms. This study allowed us to determine their frequency in an enriched phosphopeptide extract and to evaluate their separation by reverse-phase liquid chromatography. An analytical strategy that uses one of the algorithms was developed to do a targeted mass spectrometry analysis to discover the isomers that had been missed by the conventional method

GCN5-B is a Novel Nuclear Histone Acetyltransferase that is Crucial for Viability in the Protozoan Parasite Toxoplasma gondii

Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI)Infection with the single-celled parasite Toxoplasma gondii (phylum Apicomplexa) is usually benign in normal healthy individuals, but can cause congenital birth defects, ocular disease, and also life-threatening infection in immunocompromised patients. Acute infection caused by tachyzoites is controlled by a healthy immune response, but the parasite differentiates into a latent cyst form (bradyzoite) leading to permanent infection and chronic disease. Current therapies are effective only against tachyzoites, are highly toxic to the patient, and do not eradicate the encysted bradyzoites, thus highlighting the need for novel therapeutics. Inhibitors of histone deacetylases have been shown to reduce parasite viability in vitro demonstrating that chromatin remodeling enzymes, key mediators in epigenetic regulation, might serve as potential drug targets. Furthermore, epigenetic regulation has been shown to contribute to gene expression and differentiation in Toxoplasma. This dissertation focused on investigating the physiological role of a Toxoplasma GCN5-family histone acetyltransferase (HAT), termed TgGCN5-B. It was hypothesized that TgGCN5-B is an essential HAT that resides within a unique, multi-subunit complex in the parasite nucleus. Studies of TgGCN5-B have revealed that this HAT possesses a unique nuclear localization signal (311RPAENKKRGR320) that is both necessary and sufficient to translocate the protein to the parasite nucleus. Although no other protein motifs have been identified in the N-terminal extension of TgGCN5-B, it is likely that this extension plays a role in protein-protein interactions. All GCN5 homologues function within large multi-subunit complexes, many being conserved among species, but bioinformatic analysis of the Toxoplasma genome revealed a lack of many of these conserved components. Biochemical studies identified several potential TgGCN5-B associating proteins, including several novel apicomplexan transcription factors. Preliminary evidence suggested that TgGCN5-B was essential for tachyzoites; therefore, a dominant-negative approach was utilized to examine the role of TgGCN5-B in the physiology of Toxoplasma. When catalytically inactive TgGCN5-B protein was over-expressed in the parasites, there was a significant decrease in tachyzoite growth and viability, with initial observations suggesting defects in nuclear division and daughter cell budding. These results demonstrate that TgGCN5-B is important for tachyzoite development and indicate that therapeutic targeting of this HAT could be a novel approach to treat toxoplasmosis