Acoustic Photometry of Biomedical Parameters for Association with Diabetes and Covid-19

Because of their mortality rate, diabetes and COVID-19 are serious diseases. Moreover, people with diabetes are at a higher risk of developing COVID-19 complications. This article therefore proposes a single, non-invasive system that can help people with diabetes and COVID-19 to monitor their health parameters by measuring oxygen saturation (SPO2), heart rate, and body temperature. This is in contrast to other pulse oximeters and previous work reported in the literature. A Max30102 sensor, consisting of two light-emitting diodes (LEDs), can serve as a transmission spectrum to enable three synchronous parameter measurements. Hence, the Max30102 sensor facilitates identification of the relationship between COVID-19 and diabetes in a cost-effective manner. Fifty subjects (20 healthy, 20 diabetic, and 10 with COVID-19), aged 18-61 years, were recruited to provide data on heart rate, body temperature, and oxygen saturation, measured in a variety of activities and scenarios. The results showed accuracy of ±97% for heart rate, ±98% for body temperature, and ±99% for oxygen saturation with an enhanced time efficiency of 5-7 seconds in contrast to a commercialized pulse oximeter, which took 10-12 seconds. The results were then compared with those of commercially available pulse oximetry (Oxitech Pulse Oximeter) and a thermometer (Medisana Infrared Thermometer). These results revealed that uncontrolled diabetes can be as dangerous as COVID-19 in terms of high resting heart rate and low oxygen saturation. Doi: 10.28991/esj-2022-SPER-04 Full Text: PD

Optical based noninvasive glucose monitoring sensor prototype

Diabetes mellitus claims millions of lives every year. It affects the body in various ways by leading to many serious illnesses and premature mortality. Heart and kidney diseases, which are caused by diabetes, are increasing at an alarming rate. In this paper, we report a study of a noninvasive measurement technique to determine the glucose levels in the human body. Current existing methods to quantify the glucose level in the blood are predominantly invasive that involve taking the blood samples using finger pricking. In this paper, we report a spectroscopy-based noninvasive glucose monitoring system to measure glucose concentration. Near-infrared transmission spectroscopy is used and in vitro experiments are conducted, as well as in vivo. Our experimental study confirms a correlation between the sensor output voltage and glucose concentration levels. We report a low-cost prototype of spectroscopy-based noninvasive glucose monitoring system that demonstrates promising results in vitro and establishes a relationship between the optical signals and the changing levels of blood–glucose concentration

Innovative IoT Solutions and Wearable Sensing Systems for Monitoring Human Biophysical Parameters: A Review

none3noDigital and information technologies are heavily pervading several aspects of human activities, improving our life quality. Health systems are undergoing a real technological revolution, radically changing how medical services are provided, thanks to the wide employment of the Internet of Things (IoT) platforms supporting advanced monitoring services and intelligent inferring systems. This paper reports, at first, a comprehensive overview of innovative sensing systems for monitoring biophysical and psychophysical parameters, all suitable for integration with wearable or portable accessories. Wearable devices represent a headstone on which the IoT-based healthcare platforms are based, providing capillary and real-time monitoring of patient’s conditions. Besides, a survey of modern architectures and supported services by IoT platforms for health monitoring is presented, providing useful insights for developing future healthcare systems. All considered architectures employ wearable devices to gather patient parameters and share them with a cloud platform where they are processed to provide real-time feedback. The reported discussion highlights the structural differences between the discussed frameworks, from the point of view of network configuration, data management strategy, feedback modality, etc.Article Number: 1660openRoberto De Fazio; Massimo De Vittorio; Paolo ViscontiDE FAZIO, Roberto; DE VITTORIO, Massimo; Visconti, Paol

Utilization of Nanoparticles for Photoacoustic Chemical Imaging

Tumors are known to have unique chemical properties, such as low pH (acidosis), high K+ (hyperkalemia), and low O2 (hypoxia). Tumor acidosis has been known to influence therapeutic activities of chemotherapeutic drugs. Another conventional cancer treatment, radiation therapy, is highly dependent on local oxygen concentrations. Hyperkalemia has been recently reported to suppress the immune response of activated T-cells. It is also believed that the spatial distribution of these analytes and its heterogeneity, are of relevance. Despite the importance of such chemical information on tumors, there are no clinically available tools for “quantitative” pH, K+, or tissue O2 imaging. Here, photoacoustic (PA) imaging is employed to provide chemical imaging of all these target analytes for cancer (pH, O2 and K+). As for pH, we report on an in vivo pH mapping nanotechnology. This subsurface chemical imaging is based on tumor-targeted, pH sensing nanoprobes and multi-wavelength photoacoustic imaging (PAI). The nanotechnology consists of an optical pH indicator, SNARF-5F, 5-(and-6)-Carboxylic Acid, encapsulated into polyacrylamide nanoparticles with surface modification for tumor targeting. Facilitated by multi-wavelength PAI plus a spectral unmixing technique, the accuracy of pH measurement inside the biological environment is not susceptible to the background optical absorption of biomolecules, i.e., hemoglobins. As a result, both the pH levels and the hemodynamic properties across the entire tumor can be quantitatively evaluated with high sensitivity and high spatial resolution in in vivo cancer models. For K+, we extend this technique to ion-selective photoacoustic optodes (ISPAOs) that serve at the same time as fluorescence-based ISOs, and apply it specifically to potassium (K+). However, unfortunately, sensors capable of providing potassium images in vivo are still a future proposition. Here, we prepared an ion-selective potassium nanosensor (NS) aimed at in vivo photoacoustic (PA) chemical imaging of the extracellular environment, while being also capable of fluorescence based intracellular ion-selective imaging. This potassium nanosensor (K+ NS) modulates its optical properties (absorbance and fluorescence) according to the potassium concentration. The K+ NS is capable of measuring potassium, in the range of 1 mM to 100 mM, with high sensitivity and selectivity, by ISPAO based measurements. Also, a near infrared dye surface modified K+ NS allows fluorescence-based potassium sensing in the range of 20 mM to 1 M. The K+ NS serves thus as both PA and fluorescence based nanosensor, with response across the biologically relevant K+ concentrations, from the extracellular 5 mM typical values (through PA imaging) to the intracellular 150 mM typical values (through fluorescence imaging). Lastly, nano-enabled tissue O2 monitoring by PA, called lifetime-based PA (PALT) imaging, was introduced and demonstrated. A known PALT oxygen indicator, Oxyphor G2, is conjugated into polyacrylamide nanoparticles, called G2-PAA NP. The oxygen sensing capability of the G2-PAA NP has been confirmed in vitro and in vivo studies. In an Appendix, we show how to monitor photodynamic therapy (PDT) using the PALT approach to measure the local oxygen depletion as a function of PDT time. Oxygen depletion during PDT is monitored using both oximeter and PALT spectroscopy in vitro. The latter is enabled by theranostic NPs of methylene blue (MB) conjugated PAA, used for both PALT and PDT. This synergistic approach has good potential for personalized medicine.PHDChemistryUniversity of Michigan, Horace H. Rackham School of Graduate Studieshttps://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/143924/1/lechang_1.pd

The Evolution Of Non-Invasive Blood Glucose Monitoring System For Personal Application

Glucose monitoring technology has been used by diabetic patients to monitor their blood glucose level for the past three decades. This technology is very useful for managing diet among diabetic patients. This paper reviews the fundamental technique of blood glucose detection method and the development of blood glucose monitoring systems that have been developed ever since. The most common and widely used technique is an invasive technique that requires users to prick their finger to draw the blood. However, recently a lot of new technologies have been developed for non-invasive technique to monitor blood glucose monitoring and studies in this area are growing rapidly. Among all, the optical and transdermal approach are the two most potential sensing modalities for non-invasive glucose monitoring that show a very good prospect