Matching Is as Easy as the Decision Problem, in the NC Model

Is matching in NC, i.e., is there a deterministic fast parallel algorithm for it? This has been an outstanding open question in TCS for over three decades, ever since the discovery of randomized NC matching algorithms [KUW85, MVV87]. Over the last five years, the theoretical computer science community has launched a relentless attack on this question, leading to the discovery of several powerful ideas. We give what appears to be the culmination of this line of work: An NC algorithm for finding a minimum-weight perfect matching in a general graph with polynomially bounded edge weights, provided it is given an oracle for the decision problem. Consequently, for settling the main open problem, it suffices to obtain an NC algorithm for the decision problem. We believe this new fact has qualitatively changed the nature of this open problem. All known efficient matching algorithms for general graphs follow one of two approaches: given by Edmonds [Edm65] and Lov\'asz [Lov79]. Our oracle-based algorithm follows a new approach and uses many of the ideas discovered in the last five years. The difficulty of obtaining an NC perfect matching algorithm led researchers to study matching vis-a-vis clever relaxations of the class NC. In this vein, recently Goldwasser and Grossman [GG15] gave a pseudo-deterministic RNC algorithm for finding a perfect matching in a bipartite graph, i.e., an RNC algorithm with the additional requirement that on the same graph, it should return the same (i.e., unique) perfect matching for almost all choices of random bits. A corollary of our reduction is an analogous algorithm for general graphs.Comment: Appeared in ITCS 202

The Matching Problem in General Graphs is in Quasi-NC

We show that the perfect matching problem in general graphs is in Quasi-NC. That is, we give a deterministic parallel algorithm which runs in $O(\log^3 n)$ time on $n^{O(\log^2 n)}$ processors. The result is obtained by a derandomization of the Isolation Lemma for perfect matchings, which was introduced in the classic paper by Mulmuley, Vazirani and Vazirani [1987] to obtain a Randomized NC algorithm. Our proof extends the framework of Fenner, Gurjar and Thierauf [2016], who proved the analogous result in the special case of bipartite graphs. Compared to that setting, several new ingredients are needed due to the significantly more complex structure of perfect matchings in general graphs. In particular, our proof heavily relies on the laminar structure of the faces of the perfect matching polytope.Comment: Accepted to FOCS 2017 (58th Annual IEEE Symposium on Foundations of Computer Science

Algorithmic Graph Theory

The main focus of this workshop was on mathematical techniques needed for the development of efficient solutions and algorithms for computationally difficult graph problems. The techniques studied at the workshhop included: the probabilistic method and randomized algorithms, approximation and optimization, structured families of graphs and approximation algorithms for large problems. The workshop Algorithmic Graph Theory was attended by 46 participants, many of them being young researchers. In 15 survey talks an overview of recent developments in Algorithmic Graph Theory was given. These talks were supplemented by 10 shorter talks and by two special sessions

The simple, little and slow things count : on parameterized counting complexity

In this thesis, we study the parameterized complexity of counting problems, as introduced by Flum and Grohe. This area mainly involves questions of the following kind: On inputs x with a parameter k, can we solve a given counting problem in time f(k)*|x|^c for a function f that depends only on k? In the positive case, we call the problem fixed-parameter tractable (fpt). Otherwise, we try to prove its #W[1]-hardness, which is the parameterized analogue of #P-hardness. We introduce a general technique that bridges parameterized counting complexity and the so-called Holant framework. We then apply this technique to the problem of counting perfect matchings (or equivalently, the permanent) subject to structural parameters of the input graph G: On the algorithmic side, we introduce a new tractable structural parameter, namely, the minimal size of an excluded single-crossing minor of G. We complement this by showing that counting perfect matchings is #W[1]-hard when parameterized by the size of an arbitrary excluded minor. Then we turn our attention to counting general subgraphs H other than perfect matchings in a host graph G. Instead of imposing structural parameters on G, we parameterize by the size of H, giving rise to the problems #Sub(C) for fixed graph classes C: For inputs H and G with H in C, we wish to count H-copies in G. Here, C could be the class of matchings, cycles, paths, or any other recursively enumerable class. We give a full dichotomy for these problems: Either #Sub(C) has a polynomial-time algorithm or it is #W[1]-complete. Assuming that FPT and #W[1] do not coincide, we can thus precisely identify the graph classes C for which the subgraph counting problem #Sub(C) admits polynomial-time algorithms. Furthermore, we obtain an unexpected application of our extensions to the Holant framework: We show that, given two unweighted graphs, it is C=P-complete to decide whether they have the same number of perfect matchings. Finally, we prove conditional lower bounds for counting problems under the counting exponential-time hypothesis #ETH. This hypothesis, introduced by Dell et al., asserts that the satisfying assignments to n-variable formulas in 3-CNF cannot be counted in time 2^o(n). Building upon this, we introduce a general technique that allows to derive tight lower bounds for other counting problems, such as counting perfect matchings, the Tutte polynomial, and the matching polynomial.Die vorliegende Arbeit befasst sich mit der parametrisierten Komplexität von Zählproblemen, einem von Flum und Grohe gegründeten Gebiet, in welchem Fragen der folgenden Art betrachtet werden: Können gegebene Probleme auf Eingaben x mit Parameter k in Zeit f(k)*|x|^c gelöst werden, wobei f eine Funktion ist, die nur von k abhängt? Im positiven Falle bezeichnen wir das Problem als parametrisierbar (FPT). Andernfalls versuchen wir typischerweise, dessen #W[1]-Härte zu beweisen - diese lässt sich vereinfachend als ein parametrisiertes Äquivalent der #P-Härte auffassen. Wir führen zunächst eine allgemeine Technik ein, welche die parametrisierte Zählkomplexität mit dem sogenannten Holant-Rahmenwerk verbindet. Anschließend setzen wir diese zum Zählen perfekter Paarungen (oder äquivalent, zur Auswertung der Permanente) unter strukturellen Parametern des Eingabegraphens G ein: Wir zeigen, dass das Zählen perfekter Paarungen parametrisierbar ist durch die minimale Größe eines ausgeschlossenen Minors von G, der höchstens eine Kreuzung besitzt. Dieses algorithmische Resultat komplementieren wir durch die #W[1]-Härte des Zählens perfekter Paarungen, wenn die minimale Größe eines beliebigen ausgeschlossenen Minors als Parameter betrachtet wird. Anschließend widmen wir uns dem Zählen beliebiger Subgraphen H in Graphen G. Anstelle von strukturellen Parametern betrachten wir die Größe von H als Parameter und erhalten hierdurch die Probleme #Sub(C) für feste Graphklassen C: Auf Eingaben H und G mit H in C gilt es, die H-Kopien in G zu zählen. Hierbei kann C die Klasse der Paarungen, Zyklen, Pfade, oder eine beliebige andere Klasse von Graphen darstellen. Wir zeigen eine vollständige Dichotomie für diese Probleme: Das Problem #Sub(C) ist entweder in P oder #W[1]-hart. Unter der gängigen Annahme, dass FPT und #W[1] nicht zusammenfallen, erhalten wir somit eine vollständige Klassifikation der Polynomialzeit-lösbaren Probleme #Sub(C). Weiterhin erhalten wir eine unerwartete Anwendung unserer Erweiterungen des Holant-Rahmenwerks: Wir zeigen die C=P-Vollständigkeit der Frage, ob die Anzahlen perfekter Paarungen in zwei gegebenen ungewichteten Graphen übereinstimmen. Schlussendlich zeigen wir bedingte untere Schranken für Zählprobleme unter der Zählversion der Exponentialzeithypothese #ETH, eingeführt durch Dell et al. Diese postuliert, dass die erfüllenden Belegungen in 3-KNF-Formeln mit n Variablen nicht in Zeit 2^o(n) gezählt werden können. Darauf aufbauend führen wir eine allgemeine Technik ein, die es ermöglicht, scharfe untere Schranken für andere Zählprobleme zu erhalten: Dies umfasst das Zählen perfekter Paarungen, das Tutte-Polynom und das Paarungs-Polynom