792 research outputs found

    Normality: Part Descriptive, part prescriptive

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    People’s beliefs about normality play an important role in many aspects of cognition and life (e.g., causal cognition, linguistic semantics, cooperative behavior). But how do people determine what sorts of things are normal in the first place? Past research has studied both people’s representations of statistical norms (e.g., the average) and their representations of prescriptive norms (e.g., the ideal). Four studies suggest that people’s notion of normality incorporates both of these types of norms. In particular, people’s representations of what is normal were found to be influenced both by what they believed to be descriptively average and by what they believed to be prescriptively ideal. This is shown across three domains: people’s use of the word ‘‘normal” (Study 1), their use of gradable adjectives (Study 2), and their judgments of concept prototypicality (Study 3). A final study investigated the learning of normality for a novel category, showing that people actively combine statistical and prescriptive information they have learned into an undifferentiated notion of what is normal (Study 4). Taken together, these findings may help to explain how moral norms impact the acquisition of normality and, conversely, how normality impacts the acquisition of moral norms

    Implicit Attitudes Towards Robots Predict Explicit Attitudes, Semantic Distance Between Robots and Humans, Anthropomorphism, and Prosocial Behavior: From Attitudes to Human–Robot Interaction

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    AbstractHow people behave towards others relies, to a large extent, on the prior attitudes that they hold towards them. In Human–Robot Interactions, individual attitudes towards robots have mostly been investigated via explicit reports that can be biased by various conscious processes. In the present study, we introduce an implicit measure of attitudes towards robots. The task utilizes the measure of semantic priming to evaluate whether participants consider humans and robots as similar or different. Our results demonstrate a link between implicit semantic distance between humans and robots and explicit attitudes towards robots, explicit semantic distance between robots and humans, perceived robot anthropomorphism, and pro/anti-social behavior towards a robot in a real life, interactive scenario. Specifically, attenuated semantic distance between humans and robots in the implicit task predicted more positive explicit attitudes towards robots, attenuated explicit semantic distance between humans and robots, attribution of an anthropomorphic characteristic, and consequently a future prosocial behavior towards a robot. Crucially, the implicit measure of attitudes towards robots (implicit semantic distance) was a better predictor of a future behavior towards the robot than explicit measure of attitudes towards robots (self-reported attitudes). Cumulatively, the current results emphasize a new approach to measure implicit attitudes towards robots, and offer a starting point for further investigations of implicit processing of robots

    The dual process account of reasoning: historical roots, problems and perspectives.

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    Despite the great effort that has been dedicated to the attempt to redefine expected utility theory on the grounds of new assumptions, modifying or moderating some axioms, none of the alternative theories propounded so far had a statistical confirmation over the full domain of applicability. Moreover, the discrepancy between prescriptions and behaviors is not limited to expected utility theory. In two other fundamental fields, probability and logic, substantial evidence shows that human activities deviate from the prescriptions of the theoretical models. The paper suggests that the discrepancy cannot be ascribed to an imperfect axiomatic description of human choice, but to some more general features of human reasoning and assumes the “dual-process account of reasoning” as a promising explanatory key. This line of thought is based on the distinction between the process of deliberate reasoning and that of intuition; where in a first approximation, “intuition” denotes a mental activity largely automatized and inaccessible from conscious mental activity. The analysis of the interactions between these two processes provides the basis for explaining the persistence of the gap between normative and behavioral patterns. This view will be explored in the following pages: central consideration will be given to the problem of the interactions between rationality and intuition, and the correlated “modularity” of the thought.

    Predicting intention to work with social robots

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    The growing number of robotic solutions geared to interact socially with humans, social robots, urge the study of the factors that will facilitate or hinder future human robot collaboration. Hence the research question: what are the factors that predict intention to work with a social robot in the near future. To answer this question the following socio-cognitive models were studied, the theory of reasoned action, the theory of planned behavior and the model of goal directed behavior. These models purport that all the other variables will only have an indirect effect on behavior. That is, through the variables of the model. Based on the research on robotics and social perception/ cognition, social robot appearance, belief in human nature uniqueness, perceived warmth, perceived competence, anthropomorphism, negative attitude towards robots with human traits and negative attitudes towards interactions with robots were studied for their effects on attitude towards working with a social robot, perceived behavioral control, positive anticipated emotions and negative anticipated emotions. Study 1 identified the social representation of robot. Studies 2 to 5 investigated the psychometric properties of the Portuguese version of the negative attitude towards robots scale. Study 6 investigated the psychometric properties of the belief in human nature uniqueness scale. Study 7 tested the theory of reasoned action and the theory of planned behavior. Study 8 tested the model of goal directed behavior. Studies 7 and 8 also tested the role of the external variables. Study 9 tested and compared the predictive power of the three socio-cognitive models. Finally conclusion are drawn from the research results, and future research suggestions are offered.Em 1998, uma parceria entre o Instituto de RobĂłtica da Universidade de Carnegie Mellon e o Museu de HistĂłria Natural de Carnegie deu vida ao SAGE. SAGE Ă© um robĂŽ guia, cuja função Ă© acompanhar os visitantes atravĂ©s do Hall dos Dinossauros, fornecendo-lhes informação multimĂ©dia. Ao fim de nove meses, os seus criadores (Nourbakhsh et al., 1999) reportavam 174 dias de operação sem supervisĂŁo, 135 dos quais sem qualquer erro. Muitos mais casos poderiam ser relatados de forma a ilustrar a crescente utilização de soluçÔes robĂłticas autĂłnomas orientadas para a interação com os seres humanos. Esta nova geração de robĂŽs recebeu a designação de robĂŽs sociais (ou socializĂĄveis) uma vez que sua construção tem sido orientada por um novo paradigma, o interface social. Ou seja, a construção de um robĂŽ social Ă© orientada no sentido de proporcionar ao seu utilizador uma interação “natural”, atravĂ©s de uma presença fĂ­sica (que pode recorrer a formas mais ou menos humanoides), discurso verbal, utilização de gestos ou reconhecimento de estados afetivos. Dadas estas caracterĂ­sticas, Ă© expectĂĄvel que a crescente utilização de robĂŽs socias em contextos profissionais, venha a colocar novos desafios organizacionais, obrigando Ă  redefinição das competĂȘncias de vĂĄrias categoriais profissionais, bem como Ă  redefinição de vĂĄrios aspetos das relaçÔes laborais. É dentro deste quadro que a presente investigação coloca a seguinte questĂŁo: Como predizer a intenção de trabalhar com robĂŽs sociais? A pertinĂȘncia desta questĂŁo prende-se com a necessidade de perceber que fatores sociocognitivos irĂŁo facilitar ou dificultar a adaptação a esta nova realidade. De forma a estudar esta questĂŁo, vĂĄrios modelos sociocognitivos, que tĂȘm recebido suporte empĂ­rico por parte da investigação acerca da intenção comportamental e a sua relação com o comportamento futuro sĂŁo utilizados. O modelo da ação raciocinada (Fishbein & Ajzen, 1975) afirma que o principal preditor de um comportamento Ă© a intenção comportamental. Esta por sua vez Ă© determinada pela atitude da pessoa acerca do comportamento em causa e da norma subjetiva (a norma subjetiva Ă© definida como aquilo que a pessoa acha que alguĂ©m significativo pensa que ele deveria fazer relativamente ao comportamento em questĂŁo). A atitude e a norma subjetiva sĂŁo determinadas por crenças comportamentais e crenças normativas. O modelo do comportamento planeado (Ajzen, 1985, 1991) acrescenta ao anterior modelo a variĂĄvel controlo comportamental percebido. Desta forma o modelo pode ser tambĂ©m utilizado para estudar comportamentos que nĂŁo estĂŁo completamente sob o controlo volicional da pessoa. O controlo comportamental percebido inclui avaliaçÔes objetivas dos recursos (pessoais e materiais) disponĂ­veis, bem como avaliaçÔes subjetivas. Tal como a atitude e a norma subjetiva, tambĂ©m o controlo comportamental Ă© determinado por crenças, neste caso designadas, crenças de controlo. O modelo do comportamento dirigido por objetivos (Perugini & Bagozzi, 2001) afirma que, ao contrĂĄrio do que Ă© postulado pelos dois outros modelos, a motivação para a realização do comportamento nĂŁo reside na intenção. Da mesma forma, a atitude, a norma subjetiva e o controlo comportamental percebido, embora sugiram uma razĂŁo para o comportamento, tambĂ©m nĂŁo proporcionam a motivação para o realizar. O elemento motivacional seria proporcionado por uma outra variĂĄvel, o desejo. Para alĂ©m do desejo, estes autores propĂ”em mais duas variĂĄveis de caracter afetivo, as emoçÔes antecipadas positivas e as emoçÔes antecipadas negativas. Assim, embora a intenção comportamental continue a ser o principal preditor do comportamento, o efeito das outras variĂĄveis, atitude, norma subjetiva, controlo comportamental percebido e emoçÔes antecipadas, passa a ser mediado pelo desejo. Qualquer um dos modelos anteriores tenta explicar o comportamento recorrendo ao menor nĂșmero possĂ­vel de variĂĄveis possĂ­vel (principio da parcimĂłnia). Como tal prescrevem que todas as variĂĄveis externas ao modelo terĂŁo sempre o seu efeito sobre o comportamento mediado pelas variĂĄveis do modelo. Com base na literatura e investigação sobre robĂłtica e cognição social/ perceção social, alguns fatores externos foram escolhidos para que os seus efeitos sobre as variĂĄveis dos modelos pudessem ser estudados. Os fatores escolhidos foram: a aparĂȘncia do robĂŽ social (mecĂąnico, humanoide, androide), a crença numa natureza humana Ășnica, a perceção de calor e competĂȘncia (Fiske, Cuddy, Glick, & Xu, 2002), o antropomorfismo (Epley, Waytz and Cacioppo, 2007) e as atitudes negativas relativamente aos robĂŽs (Nomura, Kanda, & Suzuki, 2004, July). De forma a perceber qual a ideia contemporĂąnea de robĂŽ, o estudo 1 visou a identificação da representação social de robĂŽ seguindo uma abordagem estrutural (Abric, 1993). O nĂșcleo central da representação Ă© dominado pelos temas mĂĄquina, tecnologia, futuro e ajuda. Os estudos 2 e 3 testaram a estrutura da tradução portuguesa da escala de atitudes negativas relativamente aos robĂŽs. A anĂĄlise em componentes principais e a anĂĄlise fatorial confirmatĂłria identificaram que versĂŁo portuguesa era composta por dois fatores, atitudes negativas relativamente a robĂŽs com caracterĂ­sticas humanas e atitudes negativas relativamente a interaçÔes com robĂŽs. O estudo 4 testou a validade nomolĂłgica da escala e o estudo 5 a validade preditiva. O estudo 6 testou a validade psicomĂ©trica da escala de crença numa natureza humana Ășnica. Esta escala foi desenvolvida para esta investigação e visa avaliar o grau em que as pessoas reservam para si traços associados a uma natureza humana Ășnica (e.g. emoçÔes, linguagem, moralidade), negando-os aos robĂŽs sociais. Foram realizadas uma anĂĄlise em componentes principais, que identificou os itens como pertencendo a um Ășnico fator e um estudo correlacional para avaliar a validade convergente e discriminante da escala. Com o estudo 7 inicia-se a investigação da utilidade dos modelos sociocognitivos para a predição da intenção de trabalhar com um robĂŽ social num futuro prĂłximo. Este estudo testa o modelo da ação raciocinada (MAR) e o modelo do comportamento planeado (MCP). Ambos os modelos explicaram a mesma proporção da variĂąncia da intenção de trabalhar com um robĂŽ social, 46%. Embora os modelos tenham apresentado um razoĂĄvel poder explicativo, apenas a variĂĄvel atitude (AT) apresentou (em ambos os modelos) um efeito estatisticamente significativo. O estudo 7 analisou tambĂ©m os efeitos das variĂĄveis, aparĂȘncia do robĂŽ social, calor (CA) e competĂȘncia (CM) percebida, antropomorfismo (ANT), atitudes negativas relativamente a robĂŽs com caracterĂ­sticas humanas (ANR) e atitudes negativas relativamente a interaçÔes com robĂŽs (ANI), nas variĂĄveis atitude e controlo comportamental percebido (CCP). NĂŁo foi identificado qualquer efeito para a aparĂȘncia do robĂŽ. O CA e ANR foram identificados como preditores positivos da quer de AT quer de CCP. O estudo 8 analisou o modelo do comportamento dirigido por objetivos (COM) verificando que este explica 60% da variĂąncia da intenção de trabalhar com um robĂŽ social. A variĂĄvel AT nĂŁo apresentou efeitos diretos e indiretos estatisticamente significativos. A variĂĄvel CCP nĂŁo apresentou efeitos diretos significativos. Foi identificado um efeito direto de EP na intenção de trabalhar com robĂŽs sociais. Todas as outras variĂĄveis se comportaram de acordo com o postulado pelo modelo. Às variĂĄveis externas analisadas no estudo 7, foi acrescentada a crença numa natureza humana Ășnica (NH). Foi estudado o efeito destas variĂĄveis em AT, CCP, emoçÔes positivas antecipadas (EP) e emoçÔes negativas antecipadas (EN). Verificou-se que a aparĂȘncia do robĂŽ afetava AT, EP e CCP. CO e ANI foram identificados como preditores positivos de AT. CA, CO e ANI foram identificados como preditores positivos de CCP. CA, CO e ANI foram identificados como preditores positivos de EP. CA e ANI foram identificados como preditores negativos de EN. O estudo 9 comparou o poder preditivo dos trĂȘs modelos estudados. O MAR explicou 37%, o MCP 42% e o COM 58% da variĂąncia da intenção de trabalhar com um robĂŽ social. Em resumo, o COM mostrou-se o modelo com maior poder preditivo. NĂŁo sĂł explica maior percentagem da variĂąncia da intenção de trabalhar com um robĂŽ social, como o faz de forma mais completa, pois integra os efeitos de fatores motivacionais e emocionais. O estudo 9 voltou a identificar um efeito direto de EP na intenção de trabalhar com robĂŽs sociais. Estes resultados sugerem a necessidade de investigar mais em pormenor o papel das emoçÔes antecipadas na formação do desejo e intenção de trabalhar com robĂŽs sociais

    Robotic Faces: Exploring Dynamical Patterns of Social Interaction between Humans and Robots

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    Thesis (Ph.D.) - Indiana University, Informatics, 2015The purpose of this dissertation is two-fold: 1) to develop an empirically-based design for an interactive robotic face, and 2) to understand how dynamical aspects of social interaction may be leveraged to design better interactive technologies and/or further our understanding of social cognition. Understanding the role that dynamics plays in social cognition is a challenging problem. This is particularly true in studying cognition via human-robot interaction, which entails both the natural social cognition of the human and the “artificial intelligence” of the robot. Clearly, humans who are interacting with other humans (or even other mammals such as dogs) are cognizant of the social nature of the interaction – their behavior in those cases differs from that when interacting with inanimate objects such as tools. Humans (and many other animals) have some awareness of “social”, some sense of other agents. However, it is not clear how or why. Social interaction patterns vary across culture, context, and individual characteristics of the human interactor. These factors are subsumed into the larger interaction system, influencing the unfolding of the system over time (i.e. the dynamics). The overarching question is whether we can figure out how to utilize factors that influence the dynamics of the social interaction in order to imbue our interactive technologies (robots, clinical AI, decision support systems, etc.) with some "awareness of social", and potentially create more natural interaction paradigms for those technologies. In this work, we explore the above questions across a range of studies, including lab-based experiments, field observations, and placing autonomous, interactive robotic faces in public spaces. We also discuss future work, how this research relates to making sense of what a robot "sees", creating data-driven models of robot social behavior, and development of robotic face personalities

    The dual process account of reasoning: historical roots, problems and perspectives

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    Despite the great effort that has been dedicated to the attempt to redefine expected utility theory on the grounds of new assumptions, modifying or moderating some axioms, none of the alternative theories propounded so far had a statistical confirmation over the full domain of applicability. Moreover, the discrepancy between prescriptions and behaviors is not limited to expected utility theory. In two other fundamental fields, probability and logic, substantial evidence shows that human activities deviate from the prescriptions of the theoretical models. The paper suggests that the discrepancy cannot be ascribed to an imperfect axiomatic description of human choice, but to some more general features of human reasoning and assumes the “dual-process account of reasoning” as a promising explanatory key. This line of thought is based on the distinction between the process of deliberate reasoning and that of intuition; where in a first approximation, “intuition” denotes a mental activity largely automatized and inaccessible from conscious mental activity. The analysis of the interactions between these two processes provides the basis for explaining the persistence of the gap between normative and behavioral patterns. This view will be explored in the following pages: central consideration will be given to the problem of the interactions between rationality and intuition, and the correlated “modularity” of the thought.Despite the great effort that has been dedicated to the attempt to redefine expected utility theory on the grounds of new assumptions, modifying or moderating some axioms, none of the alternative theories propounded so far had a statistical confirmation over the full domain of applicability. Moreover, the discrepancy between prescriptions and behaviors is not limited to expected utility theory. In two other fundamental fields, probability and logic, substantial evidence shows that human activities deviate from the prescriptions of the theoretical models. The paper suggests that the discrepancy cannot be ascribed to an imperfect axiomatic description of human choice, but to some more general features of human reasoning and assumes the “dual-process account of reasoning” as a promising explanatory key. This line of thought is based on the distinction between the process of deliberate reasoning and that of intuition; where in a first approximation, “intuition” denotes a mental activity largely automatized and inaccessible from conscious mental activity. The analysis of the interactions between these two processes provides the basis for explaining the persistence of the gap between normative and behavioral patterns. This view will be explored in the following pages: central consideration will be given to the problem of the interactions between rationality and intuition, and the correlated “modularity” of the thought.Refereed Working Papers / of international relevanc

    Adolf Reinach: An Intellectual Biography

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    The essay provides an account of the development of Reinach’s philosophy of “Sachverhalte” (states of affairs) and on problems in the philosophy of law, leading up to his discovery of the theory of speech acts in 1913. Reinach’s relations to Edmund Husserl and to the Munich phenomenologists are also dealt with
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