Authentication and Billing Scheme for The Electric Vehicles: EVABS

The need for different energy sources has increased due to the decrease in the amount and the harm caused to the environment by its usage. Today, fossil fuels used as an energy source in land, sea or air vehicles are rapidly being replaced by different energy sources. The number and types of vehicles using energy sources other than fossil fuels are also increasing. Electricity stands out among the energy sources used. The possibility of generating electricity that is renewable, compatible with nature and at a lower cost provides a great advantage. For all these reasons, the use of electric vehicles is increasing day by day. Various solutions continue to be developed for the charging systems and post-charge billing processes of these vehicles. As a result of these solutions, the standards have not yet been fully formed. In this study, an authentication and billing scheme is proposed for charging and post-charging billing processes of electric land vehicles keeping security and privacy in the foreground. This scheme is named EVABS, which derives from the phrase "Electric Vehicle Authentication and Billing Scheme". An authentication and billing scheme is proposed where data communication is encrypted, payment transactions are handled securely and parties can authenticate over wired or wireless. The security of the proposed scheme has been examined theoretically and it has been determined that it is secure against known attacks

Deep Learning -Powered Computational Intelligence for Cyber-Attacks Detection and Mitigation in 5G-Enabled Electric Vehicle Charging Station

An electric vehicle charging station (EVCS) infrastructure is the backbone of transportation electrification. However, the EVCS has various cyber-attack vulnerabilities in software, hardware, supply chain, and incumbent legacy technologies such as network, communication, and control. Therefore, proactively monitoring, detecting, and defending against these attacks is very important. The state-of-the-art approaches are not agile and intelligent enough to detect, mitigate, and defend against various cyber-physical attacks in the EVCS system. To overcome these limitations, this dissertation primarily designs, develops, implements, and tests the data-driven deep learning-powered computational intelligence to detect and mitigate cyber-physical attacks at the network and physical layers of 5G-enabled EVCS infrastructure. Also, the 5G slicing application to ensure the security and service level agreement (SLA) in the EVCS ecosystem has been studied. Various cyber-attacks such as distributed denial of services (DDoS), False data injection (FDI), advanced persistent threats (APT), and ransomware attacks on the network in a standalone 5G-enabled EVCS environment have been considered. Mathematical models for the mentioned cyber-attacks have been developed. The impact of cyber-attacks on the EVCS operation has been analyzed. Various deep learning-powered intrusion detection systems have been proposed to detect attacks using local electrical and network fingerprints. Furthermore, a novel detection framework has been designed and developed to deal with ransomware threats in high-speed, high-dimensional, multimodal data and assets from eccentric stakeholders of the connected automated vehicle (CAV) ecosystem. To mitigate the adverse effects of cyber-attacks on EVCS controllers, novel data-driven digital clones based on Twin Delayed Deep Deterministic Policy Gradient (TD3) Deep Reinforcement Learning (DRL) has been developed. Also, various Bruteforce, Controller clones-based methods have been devised and tested to aid the defense and mitigation of the impact of the attacks of the EVCS operation. The performance of the proposed mitigation method has been compared with that of a benchmark Deep Deterministic Policy Gradient (DDPG)-based digital clones approach. Simulation results obtained from the Python, Matlab/Simulink, and NetSim software demonstrate that the cyber-attacks are disruptive and detrimental to the operation of EVCS. The proposed detection and mitigation methods are effective and perform better than the conventional and benchmark techniques for the 5G-enabled EVCS

Efficiency and Sustainability of the Distributed Renewable Hybrid Power Systems Based on the Energy Internet, Blockchain Technology and Smart Contracts

The climate changes that are visible today are a challenge for the global research community. In this context, renewable energy sources, fuel cell systems, and other energy generating sources must be optimally combined and connected to the grid system using advanced energy transaction methods. As this book presents the latest solutions in the implementation of fuel cell and renewable energy in mobile and stationary applications such as hybrid and microgrid power systems based on energy internet, blockchain technology, and smart contracts, we hope that they are of interest to readers working in the related fields mentioned above

CISMOB - Cooperative information platform for low carbon and sustainable mobility: ICT towards low carbon and sustainable mobility: a multiscale perspective

The transport sector has an important contribution to the economy, employment and to the citizens’ mobility. However, it is also a major contributor to greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, representing almost a quarter of Europe's GHG emissions, and air pollution, which reduces air quality in cities with direct effects on public health. In particular, road transport is responsible for almost a fifth of total EU emissions and 73% of emissions from transport (European Commission, 2017). Intelligent Transport Systems (ITS) is the application of sensing, analysis, control and communications technologies for the management of the transport process to improve safety, mobility and efficiency, increase security and reduce environment impact. The use of ITS tools in transport has brought significant improvement in transport systems performance and it is a key element in reducing carbon footprint, as well as increasing the sustainability on an urban scale. The increasing road transport volumes in the EU are the primary cause of growing congestion and energy consumption, as well as a source of environmental and social problems (Tafidis & Bandeira, 2017). According to EC, ITS can contribute to the main transport policy objectives by reducing environmental impacts and save energy through better demand management. Therefore, the primary goals for urban transport should be the promotion of cleaner cars and fuels and the reduction of road accidents and traffic congestion. ITS tools can have a significant role to a cleaner, safer and more efficient transport system. EC with the ITS Directive (2010/40/EU) gave the necessary legal framework to their member states to accelerate the implementation of smart technologies in transport sector, giving each country freedom to decide their priorities (Urban ITS Expert Group, 2013). Regarding the mobility sector, there is a clear lack of well-structured policy guidelines that leverage the use of Information and Communication Technologies (ICT), sensing systems and big data to promote a more sustainable use of infrastructures. Specifically, there is still a waste of available resources for estimation real time mobility impacts and an even more obvious inability to use this information to implement sustainable mobility policies. The concept of sustainability in CISMOB concerns not only the carbon footprint but also the local economy and the social dimension, including active transport networks, users and the rest of citizens. Against this background, CISMOB partnership was developed in order to collect new ideas and practical experience.CISMOB Project Index Number: PGI01611, co-funded by the Interreg Europe Programmepublishe

Efficiency and Sustainability of the Distributed Renewable Hybrid Power Systems Based on the Energy Internet, Blockchain Technology and Smart Contracts-Volume II

The climate changes that are becoming visible today are a challenge for the global research community. In this context, renewable energy sources, fuel cell systems, and other energy generating sources must be optimally combined and connected to the grid system using advanced energy transaction methods. As this reprint presents the latest solutions in the implementation of fuel cell and renewable energy in mobile and stationary applications, such as hybrid and microgrid power systems based on the Energy Internet, Blockchain technology, and smart contracts, we hope that they will be of interest to readers working in the related fields mentioned above

Sustainable Mobility and Transport

This Special Issue is dedicated to sustainable mobility and transport, with a special focus on technological advancements. Global transport systems are significant sources of air, land, and water emissions. A key motivator for this Special Issue was the diversity and complexity of mitigating transport emissions and industry adaptions towards increasingly stricter regulation. Originally, the Special Issue called for papers devoted to all forms of mobility and transports. The papers published in this Special Issue cover a wide range of topics, aiming to increase understanding of the impacts and effects of mobility and transport in working towards sustainability, where most studies place technological innovations at the heart of the matter. The goal of the Special Issue is to present research that focuses, on the one hand, on the challenges and obstacles on a system-level decision making of clean mobility, and on the other, on indirect effects caused by these changes

Opportunities and Challenges of DLT (Blockchain) in Mobility and Logistics

This report presents the economic potential, legal framework, and technical foundations required to understand distributed ledger (DL) / blockchain technology and llustrates the opportunities and challenges they present, especially in the mobility and logistics sectors. It was compiled by the blockchain laboratory at Fraunhofer FIT on behalf of the German Federal Ministry of Transport and Digital Infrastructure (BMVI). Its intended audience comprises young companies seeking, for example, a legal assessment of data protection issues related to DL and blockchain technologies, decisionmakers in the private sector wishing concrete examples to help them understand how this technology can impact existing and emerging markets and which measures might be sensible from a business perspective, public policymakers and politicians wishing to familiarize themselves with this topic in order to take a position, particularly in the mobility and logistics sectors, and members of the general public interested in the technology and its potential. The report does not specifically address those with a purely academic or scientific interest in these topics, although parts of it definitely reflect the current state of academic discussion