Soft real-time communications over Bluetooth under interferences from ISM devices

Bluetooth is a suitable technology to support soft real-time applications like multimedia streams at the personal area network level. In this paper, we analytically evaluate the worst-case deadline failure probability of Bluetooth packets under co-channel interference as a way to provide statistical guarantees when transmitting soft real-time traffic using ACL links. We consider the interference from independent Bluetooth devices, as well as from other devices operating in the ISM band like 802.11b/g and Zigbee. Finally, we show as an example how to use our model to obtain some results for the transmission of a voice stream.Ministerio de Ciencia y Tecnología TIC2001-1868-C03-0

An analytical model of inter-channel interference in Bluetooth-based systems

One of the main advantages of the Bluetooth standard is that it provides a way to support ad-hoc connectivity between a variable number of devices at low cost. However, in situations with many Bluetooth devices that coexist in the same area the problem of channel interference may become of high importance. In this paper, we present an analysis that provides some expressions for the channel throughput and the delay that packets suffer due to possible collisions with other Bluetooth devices. The model includes the different effects of new and retransmitted packets. Both synchronized and unsynchronized systems are considered. Furthermore, although the effect of propagation losses are not explicitly considered, we show how they could be included in our model.Ministerio de Ciencia y Tecnología TIC2001-1868-C03-02Ministerio de Ciencia y Tecnología TIC2000-0087-P4-0

A survey on Bluetooth multi-hop networks

Bluetooth was firstly announced in 1998. Originally designed as cable replacement connecting devices in a point-to-point fashion its high penetration arouses interest in its ad-hoc networking potential. This ad-hoc networking potential of Bluetooth is advertised for years - but until recently no actual products were available and less than a handful of real Bluetooth multi-hop network deployments were reported. The turnaround was triggered by the release of the Bluetooth Low Energy Mesh Profile which is unquestionable a great achievement but not well suited for all use cases of multi-hop networks. This paper surveys the tremendous work done on Bluetooth multi-hop networks during the last 20 years. All aspects are discussed with demands for a real world Bluetooth multi-hop operation in mind. Relationships and side effects of different topics for a real world implementation are explained. This unique focus distinguishes this survey from existing ones. Furthermore, to the best of the authors’ knowledge this is the first survey consolidating the work on Bluetooth multi-hop networks for classic Bluetooth technology as well as for Bluetooth Low Energy. Another individual characteristic of this survey is a synopsis of real world Bluetooth multi-hop network deployment efforts. In fact, there are only four reports of a successful establishment of a Bluetooth multi-hop network with more than 30 nodes and only one of them was integrated in a real world application - namely a photovoltaic power plant. © 2019 The Author

Bluetooth Low PowerModes Applied to the Data Transportation Network in Home Automation Systems

Even though home automation is a well-known research and development area, recent technological improvements in different areas such as context recognition, sensing, wireless communications or embedded systems have boosted wireless smart homes. This paper focuses on some of those areas related to home automation. The paper draws attention to wireless communications issues on embedded systems. Specifically, the paper discusses the multi-hop networking together with Bluetooth technology and latency, as a quality of service (QoS) metric. Bluetooth is a worldwide standard that provides low power multi-hop networking. It is a radio license free technology and establishes point-to-point and point-to-multipoint links, known as piconets, or multi-hop networks, known as scatternets. This way, many Bluetooth nodes can be interconnected to deploy ambient intelligent networks. This paper introduces the research on multi-hop latency done with park and sniff low power modes of Bluetooth over the test platform developed. Besides, an empirical model is obtained to calculate the latency of Bluetooth multi-hop communications over asynchronous links when links in scatternets are always in sniff or the park mode. Smart home devices and networks designers would take advantage of the models and the estimation of the delay they provide in communications along Bluetooth multi-hop networks

A PROTOCOL SUITE FOR WIRELESS PERSONAL AREA NETWORKS

A Wireless Personal Area Network (WPAN) is an ad hoc network that consists of devices that surround an individual or an object. Bluetooth® technology is especially suitable for formation of WPANs due to the pervasiveness of devices with Bluetooth® chipsets, its operation in the unlicensed Industrial, Scientific, Medical (ISM) frequency band, and its interference resilience. Bluetooth® technology has great potential to become the de facto standard for communication between heterogeneous devices in WPANs. The piconet, which is the basic Bluetooth® networking unit, utilizes a Master/Slave (MS) configuration that permits only a single master and up to seven active slave devices. This structure limitation prevents Bluetooth® devices from directly participating in larger Mobile Ad Hoc Networks (MANETs) and Wireless Personal Area Networks (WPANs). In order to build larger Bluetooth® topologies, called scatternets, individual piconets must be interconnected. Since each piconet has a unique frequency hopping sequence, piconet interconnections are done by allowing some nodes, called bridges, to participate in more than one piconet. These bridge nodes divide their time between piconets by switching between Frequency Hopping (FH) channels and synchronizing to the piconet\u27s master. In this dissertation we address scatternet formation, routing, and security to make Bluetooth® scatternet communication feasible. We define criteria for efficient scatternet topologies, describe characteristics of different scatternet topology models as well as compare and contrast their properties, classify existing scatternet formation approaches based on the aforementioned models, and propose a distributed scatternet formation algorithm that efficiently forms a scatternet topology and is resilient to node failures. We propose a hybrid routing algorithm, using a bridge link agnostic approach, that provides on-demand discovery of destination devices by their address or by the services that devices provide to their peers, by extending the Service Discovery Protocol (SDP) to scatternets. We also propose a link level security scheme that provides secure communication between adjacent piconet masters, within what we call an Extended Scatternet Neighborhood (ESN)

"Cooperative Museum using Push Technology via Bluetooth"

This paper comprises of five parts. Those parts are the Introduction, Literature Review, Methodology, Results and Discussion and lastly the Conclusion and Future Work. In the introduction chapter of the research, there is a background of study regarding the location based system. Along with the background of study, it is included with the problem statement of the projectwhich comprises of the identification of the problems involved and as well as the significant of the project. Not only that, the objectives of the study made are also included where the objectives and scope of study are discussed. There are also discussions about the relevancy of the project and the feasibility of the project withinthe scope and time frame of the project. As for the second chapter of this paper which is the Literature Review, there are a few supporting information included to describe the topics under the research for this project. Those topics are regarding Location Based Systems, Bluetooth technology, Context-Aware computing, and push concept. Proceeding to the third chapter of the paper, there is a review on the methodology that has been used to plan, analyze, design and implement this whole project and tools are used in order to develop this project. Next up is the Results and Discussion section where discussions will be made on the issues stated in the Methodology section. In the Results and Discussion chapter, there are results taken from the questionnaires taken from the analysis phase and also the results from the design and implementation phase that are taken from the Methodology chapter. As for the last chapter of this report, the Conclusion and Future Work discussed the overall conclusion and also future work or future enhancements that are intended to do for this project