The Synthesis of Cyclic Combinatorial Circuits

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HD Physiology Project-Japanese efforts to promote multilevel integrative systems biology and physiome research.

The HD Physiology Project is a Japanese research consortium that aimed to develop methods and a computational platform in which physiological and pathological information can be described in high-level definitions across multiple scales of time and size. During the 5 years of this project, an appropriate software platform for multilevel functional simulation was developed and a whole-heart model including pharmacokinetics for the assessment of the proarrhythmic risk of drugs was developed. In this article, we outline the description and scientific strategy of this project and present the achievements and influence on multilevel integrative systems biology and physiome research

Magic-State Functional Units: Mapping and Scheduling Multi-Level Distillation Circuits for Fault-Tolerant Quantum Architectures

Quantum computers have recently made great strides and are on a long-term path towards useful fault-tolerant computation. A dominant overhead in fault-tolerant quantum computation is the production of high-fidelity encoded qubits, called magic states, which enable reliable error-corrected computation. We present the first detailed designs of hardware functional units that implement space-time optimized magic-state factories for surface code error-corrected machines. Interactions among distant qubits require surface code braids (physical pathways on chip) which must be routed. Magic-state factories are circuits comprised of a complex set of braids that is more difficult to route than quantum circuits considered in previous work [1]. This paper explores the impact of scheduling techniques, such as gate reordering and qubit renaming, and we propose two novel mapping techniques: braid repulsion and dipole moment braid rotation. We combine these techniques with graph partitioning and community detection algorithms, and further introduce a stitching algorithm for mapping subgraphs onto a physical machine. Our results show a factor of 5.64 reduction in space-time volume compared to the best-known previous designs for magic-state factories.Comment: 13 pages, 10 figure

Denomination, Religious Context, and Suicide: Neo-Durkheimian Multilevel Explanations Tested with Individual and Contextual Data

In Suicide, Durkheim found that involvement in religious communities is inversely related to suicide risk. In this article, two explanations for this relationship are examined. One is that religious networks provide support. The other is that religious communities prohibit suicide. To examine these hypotheses, individual-level data on suicide in the Netherlands from 1936 to 1973 are used. The results show that with an increase in the proportion of religious persons in a municipality, the chances of committing suicide decrease for every denomination in that municipality, as well as among nonchurch members. Furthermore, along with the secularization of Dutch society, the impact of religious composition on suicide wanes. These results contradict the network-support mechanism and confirm the notion that religious communities have a general protective effect against suicide.

Multilevel governance patterns and the protection of groundwater and drinking water in Florida and the Netherlands

This paper develops a model of ‘governance’ as an aid for comparing such\ud governance structures and applies these to a particular policy arena: policies\ud on the protection of groundwater and on drinking water quality in the\ud Netherlands and Florida.\ud The research questions examined by this paper are:\ud 1. Which elements make up a governance structure?\ud 2. In what ways do these elements influence each other?\ud 3. What are the differences between the multilevel structure of protection for\ud aquifers in Florida and the Netherlands, and how do these differences\ud relate to other differences in the governance structure?\ud The analysis in this paper has shown that ‘governance’ involves more\ud elements than policy objectives and the means to implement policy. These\ud elements are not simply the sum of individual aspects but are closely\ud interlinked. We have tried to illustrate how these interrelations work. The case\ud study we used for this was the comparison between the Netherlands and\ud Florida regarding the protection of the quality of groundwater and drinking\ud water. The high degree of similarity between both states highlights the\ud differences, which exist as well. The interrelations between these differences\ud can be understood by using our hypotheses of the mechanisms by which they\ud work

Using weighted hospital service area networks to explore variation in preventable hospitalization

Objective: To demonstrate the use of multiple-membership multilevel models, which analytically structure patients in a weighted network of hospitals, for exploring between-hospital variation in preventable hospitalizations. Data Sources: Cohort of 267,014 people aged over 45 in NSW, Australia. Study Design: Patterns of patient flow were used to create weighted hospital service area networks (weighted-HSANs) to 79 large public hospitals of admission. Multiple-membership multilevel models on rates of preventable hospitalization, modeling participants structured within weighted-HSANs, were contrasted with models clustering on 72 hospital service areas (HSAs) that assigned participants to a discrete geographic region. Data Collection/Extraction Methods: Linked survey and hospital admission data. Principal Findings: Between-hospital variation in rates of preventable hospitalization was more than two times greater when modeled using weighted-HSANs rather than HSAs. Use of weighted-HSANs permitted identification of small hospitals with particularly high rates of admission and influenced performance ranking of hospitals, particularly those with a broadly distributed patient base. There was no significant association with hospital bed occupancy. Conclusion: Multiple-membership multilevel models can analytically capture information lost on patient attribution when creating discrete health care catchments. Weighted-HSANs have broad potential application in health services research and can be used across methods for creating patient catchments