Multicast Mobility in Mobile IP Version 6 (MIPv6) : Problem Statement and Brief Survey

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Roaming Real-Time Applications - Mobility Services in IPv6 Networks

Emerging mobility standards within the next generation Internet Protocol, IPv6, promise to continuously operate devices roaming between IP networks. Associated with the paradigm of ubiquitous computing and communication, network technology is on the spot to deliver voice and videoconferencing as a standard internet solution. However, current roaming procedures are too slow, to remain seamless for real-time applications. Multicast mobility still waits for a convincing design. This paper investigates the temporal behaviour of mobile IPv6 with dedicated focus on topological impacts. Extending the hierarchical mobile IPv6 approach we suggest protocol improvements for a continuous handover, which may serve bidirectional multicast communication, as well. Along this line a multicast mobility concept is introduced as a service for clients and sources, as they are of dedicated importance in multipoint conferencing applications. The mechanisms introduced do not rely on assumptions of any specific multicast routing protocol in use.Comment: 15 pages, 5 figure

Performance evaluation of multicast routing on IPv4 and IPv6 networks

Even though the transition from IPv4 to IPv6 has not been realized at the pace that it was anticipated, eventually with the depletion of IPv4 address space and the ever-growing demands of the Internet, the transition is inevitable. In the rapidly evolving world of technology, multimedia applications and voice/video conferencing are fast finding their ways into the Internet and corporate networks. Multicast routing protocols run over unicast routing protocols to provide efficient routing of such applications. This thesis was aimed at understanding how the transition from IPv4 to IPv6 would impact multicast routing. The multicast routing protocol Protocol Independent Multicast-Sparse Mode (PIM-SM) was used over both IPv4 and IPv6 networks and a mixed IPv4-IPv6 network. Parameters such as protocol overheads, throughput and jitter were evaluated in a lab environment using jperf

A Repeater Encryption Unit for IPv4 and IPv6

IPsec is a powerful mechanism for protecting network communications. However, it is often viewed as difficult to use due to the elaborate configuration that is needed to ensure correct (and secure) operation. In this paper, we seek to answer the question of how to build IPsec VPNs without affecting the network assets. We exploit "repeater-encryption", which is similar to the IPsec bump-in-the-wire mode of operation. Our IPsec encryption unit works at Layer-2 of the network stack and does not encrypt control packets that are used for routing, address resolution and resource reservation. Although this is fairly straightforward for IPv4 networks, IPv6 introduces several new features and messages that complicate the operation of such a box. We report our findings of implementing transparent, repeater-based IPsec protection for IPv4 and IPv6. Our approach requires no configuration changes to other devices in the network, making it an attractive mechanism for security network traffic. We discuss the features of our IPsec encryption unit and show how it adapts to IPv4 and IPv6 networks. We also implement our approach on the OpenBSD IPsec stack to demonstrate its feasibility. We show that our transparent IPsec box can easily support speeds in excess of 100 Mbps

ENHANCED HOST DISCOVERY IN SDN/FABRIC-BASED NETWORKS

Various solutions are provided herein to facilitate the efficient discovery of hosts in large network environments, such as software-defined networking (SDN) or fabric-based networks, utilizing several techniques. A first technique supports the ability to efficiently manage silent ports and silent media access control (MAC) addresses. This technique involves applying a novel heuristic to ports and MAC addresses, classifying such entities (as silent, quiet, and noisy), and intelligently polling such entities. A second technique supports a Multicast Listener Discovery (MLD)-based host discovery approach that is applicable to Internet Protocol (IP) version 4 (IPv4) and involves a host creating an IP version 6 (IPv6) address that embeds its IPv4 address, the addition of a well-known first byte to the three bytes in a Solicited-Node multicast address (SNMA), and the use of a form of unicast ping to confirm whether a host formed a derived address. A third technique involves using a service lookup for deterministic host discovery that involves the use of upper-layer discovery services to cause a host to expose its addresses in the replies to multicast discoveries

How efficient is Efficient NDP?

In the following years we will experience a transition towards Internet Protocol version 6 (IPv6). The reason is the depletion of IPv4 address space due to the rapid increasing numbers of Internet of Things (IoT) devices connection. This transition however poses a problem, since the majority of these devices mostly are mobile and not connected to power source. Neighbor Discovery Protocol (NDP) defined in RFC 4861 is used in IPv6 networks, to manage the address configuration as well as the network prefix and maintain lists of all the neighbors connected to that network. However, this protocol does not work as good in wireless connected devices as in wired. The messages exchange in the network disrupts the sleep mode of the nodes resulting in lower battery time. Hence the energy efficiency of these devices is now something we should consider. To solve this problem, the Efficient NDP draft was introduced as one of the optimized methods. This thesis takes the previous theses of analysis and simulations of IPv6 Neighbor Discovery for wireless networks further, to explore the ND protocol in RFC 4861 (legacy NDP), and compare it to the Efficient NDP draft in terms of energy efficiency for the devices mentioned above. Several dynamic network cases are taken into analysis, and simulation scenarios for these cases are tested in OMNeT++. These simulation models follow the implementation process introduced in the protocols with consideration of network scalability, and present the result that the Efficient NDP has large improvement in saving multicast messages in ND process.In the real world, people need addresses to identify their locations. Similar to this, devices also need to have network labels which called IP addresses for identification and locating when they connect to the Internet. Internet Protocol version 4 (IPv4) is a protocol which introduces a 32-bits IP address format and popularly used in today’s networks. However, the increased number of devices connecting to the Internet has led to the depletion of available IPv4 addresses. IPv6 was introduced with more address space to solve IPv4 address exhaustion problem. But on the other hand, many existing protocols used in IPv4 have to be extended or redesigned to fit IPv6 networks. A network always contains many nodes (routers and hosts). A node recognizes other nodes in its located network as its neighbors. Discovering neighbor locations, gathering neighbor information and defining the communication methods between neighbors are the contents in IPv6 Neighbor Discovery Protocol (NDP). The legacy NDP was announced 10 years ago in RFC 4861. It relies on periodical multicast Internet Control Message Protocol version 6 (ICMPv6) control messages to maintain relationship between neighbors. Which means that these control messages are sent to all the members in a group. Although these messages are only relevant to a specific member in this group at most of time, other members also have to receive and process them. As we known, receiving and processing messages require power consumption. It is inefficient for nodes to handle these unnecessary messages frequently, especially for wireless devices. As wireless devices are always not connected to power supplies, power saving becomes an important point for their battery life. To solve the high power consumption problem in legacy NDP, a more efficient protocol the Efficient NDP was announced. This protocol introduces a registration mechanism for hosts with a router. In this mechanism, the router does not need to send periodical control messages to the hosts for asking their updates, but give a registration timer to each host. A host only has to wake up and send messages to the router when the timer is reached, and can keep in sleep mode for a long time. This can significantly reduce the power consumption. On the other hand, as the router functions as a registration point in the network, it has the knowledge of each node address information, so it can help hosts for handling address related issues with their neighbors. From analysis, we have already known that the Efficient NDP provides a good solution in power saving, comparing with the legacy NDP. But how efficient it can achieve? To answer this question, an evaluation is required. As today’s networks are always dynamic networks, nodes are able to enter, leave and change their locations in networks at any time, it is worth for us to analyze the performance of these two protocols in this environments. However, as implementing a real dynamic network environment is too complex, simulation becomes an ideal method for evaluation. Two scenarios were taken into analysis and simulations in this thesis, one is nodes entering and leaving a network scenario, and another is nodes losing connection to a network case in movement scenario. As network scalability is an important parameter for evaluation, simulation models were designed with different network sizes. The obtained results indicate that in both of these scenarios, the Efficient NDP can achieve very high messages saving percentages in large networks. On the other word, it provides a great power saving solution

Evaluación de mecanismos de soporte de tráfico multicast con movilidad basada en red

Con el auge actual de Internet y el incremento en el uso de dispositivos móviles ha aumentado el consumo de contenido multimedia, del cual cabe destacar el streaming de vídeo, el vídeo bajo demanda y la IPTV. Muchos de estos servicios hacen uso de Multicast, un método de transmisión de datos a múltiples redes y destinatarios de manera simultánea. Para poder realizar transmisiones de datos multicast hay direcciones IP reservadas, tanto en IPv4 como en IPv6. El funcionamiento de multicast es muy sencillo, el host que quiere recibir tráfico manda un mensaje a su router y se suscribe al grupo multicast (IP dentro de un rango reservado), a partir de ahí el router ya sabe que tiene que enviar el tráfico multicast de ese grupo a ese host en particular. El protocolo multicast en el que nos vamos a centrar es MLD (Multicast Listener Discovery). MLD es una herramienta que utilizan los routers IPv6 para descubrir subscriptores multicast en un enlace directo, es el equivalente a IGMP en IPv4. Se usará la versión más reciente de este protocolo MLDv2. El objetivo final de este Trabajo Fin de Grado es evaluar estos mecanismos de envío de tráfico multicast (MLD), en un escenario real bajo un protocolo de movilidad basado en red (PMIPv6). Para desplegar este escenario se utilizará un prototipo con routers empleando la distribución OpenWRT.With the current boom of Internet and the rising use of mobile devices, the media content consumption has increased, including video streaming, video on demand and IPTV. Many of this services use Multicast. Multicast is a method of sending IP datagrams to a group of interested receivers in a single transmission. To do multicast data transmissions are reserved a range of IP addresses, both in IPv4 and in IPv6. Multicast operation is simple, the host who wants to receive traffic sends a message to its router and it subscribes to the multicast group (IP's reserved range). Then the router knows how to send multicast traffic for that group to that particular host. We are going to focus in the multicast protocol MLD (Multicast Listener Discovery). MLD is tool used by IPv6 routers to discover multicast listeners in a direct link, it is equivalent to IGMP in IPv4. We focus on the latest version of this protocol, MLDv2. The final objective of this Bachelor Thesis is to evaluate this multicast sending mechanisms (MLD), in a real scenario running a network-based mobility management protocol (PMIPv6). To deploy the scenario we will utilize a prototype with routers using a OpenWRT distribution.Ingeniería Telemátic