Automatic tagging and geotagging in video collections and communities

Automatically generated tags and geotags hold great promise to improve access to video collections and online communi- ties. We overview three tasks offered in the MediaEval 2010 benchmarking initiative, for each, describing its use scenario, definition and the data set released. For each task, a reference algorithm is presented that was used within MediaEval 2010 and comments are included on lessons learned. The Tagging Task, Professional involves automatically matching episodes in a collection of Dutch television with subject labels drawn from the keyword thesaurus used by the archive staff. The Tagging Task, Wild Wild Web involves automatically predicting the tags that are assigned by users to their online videos. Finally, the Placing Task requires automatically assigning geo-coordinates to videos. The specification of each task admits the use of the full range of available information including user-generated metadata, speech recognition transcripts, audio, and visual features

Exploiting multimedia in creating and analysing multimedia Web archives

The data contained on the web and the social web are inherently multimedia and consist of a mixture of textual, visual and audio modalities. Community memories embodied on the web and social web contain a rich mixture of data from these modalities. In many ways, the web is the greatest resource ever created by human-kind. However, due to the dynamic and distributed nature of the web, its content changes, appears and disappears on a daily basis. Web archiving provides a way of capturing snapshots of (parts of) the web for preservation and future analysis. This paper provides an overview of techniques we have developed within the context of the EU funded ARCOMEM (ARchiving COmmunity MEMories) project to allow multimedia web content to be leveraged during the archival process and for post-archival analysis. Through a set of use cases, we explore several practical applications of multimedia analytics within the realm of web archiving, web archive analysis and multimedia data on the web in general

Multimodal Geolocation Estimation of News Photos

The widespread growth of multimodal news requires sophisticated approaches to interpret content and relations of different modalities. Images are of utmost importance since they represent a visual gist of the whole news article. For example, it is essential to identify the locations of natural disasters for crisis management or to analyze political or social events across the world. In some cases, verifying the location(s) claimed in a news article might help human assessors or fact-checking efforts to detect misinformation, i.e., fake news. Existing methods for geolocation estimation typically consider only a single modality, e.g., images or text. However, news images can lack sufficient geographical cues to estimate their locations, and the text can refer to various possible locations. In this paper, we propose a novel multimodal approach to predict the geolocation of news photos. To enable this approach, we introduce a novel dataset called Multimodal Geolocation Estimation of News Photos (MMG-NewsPhoto). MMG-NewsPhoto is, so far, the largest dataset for the given task and contains more than half a million news texts with the corresponding image, out of which 3000 photos were manually labeled for the photo geolocation based on information from the image-text pairs. For a fair comparison, we optimize and assess state-of-the-art methods using the new benchmark dataset. Experimental results show the superiority of the multimodal models compared to the unimodal approaches

Emerging technologies for learning (volume 1)

Collection of 5 articles on emerging technologies and trend

Knowledge-based and data-driven approaches for geographical information access

Geographical Information Access (GeoIA) can be defined as a way of retrieving information from textual collections that includes the automatic analysis and interpretation of the geographical constraints and terms present in queries and documents. This PhD thesis presents, describes and evaluates several heterogeneous approaches for the following three GeoIA tasks: Geographical Information Retrieval (GIR), Geographical Question Answering (GeoQA), and Textual Georeferencing (TG). The GIR task deals with user queries that search over documents (e.g. ¿vineyards in California?) and the GeoQA task treats questions that retrieve answers (e.g. ¿What is the capital of France?). On the other hand, TG is the task of associate one or more georeferences (such as polygons or coordinates in a geodetic reference system) to electronic documents. Current state-of-the-art AI algorithms are not yet fully understanding the semantic meaning and the geographical constraints and terms present in queries and document collections. This thesis attempts to improve the effectiveness results of GeoIA tasks by: 1) improving the detection, understanding, and use of a part of the geographical and the thematic content of queries and documents with Toponym Recognition, Toponym Disambiguation and Natural Language Processing (NLP) techniques, and 2) combining Geographical Knowledge-Based Heuristics based on common sense with Data-Driven IR algorithms. The main contributions of this thesis to the state-of-the-art of GeoIA tasks are: 1) The presentation of 10 novel approaches for GeoIA tasks: 3 approaches for GIR, 3 for GeoQA, and 4 for Textual Georeferencing (TG). 2) The evaluation of these novel approaches in these contexts: within official evaluation benchmarks, after evaluation benchmarks with the test collections, and with other specific datasets. Most of these algorithms have been evaluated in international evaluations and some of them achieved top-ranked state-of-the-art results, including top-performing results in GIR (GeoCLEF 2007) and TG (MediaEval 2014) benchmarks. 3) The experiments reported in this PhD thesis show that the approaches can combine effectively Geographical Knowledge and NLP with Data-Driven techniques to improve the efectiveness measures of the three Geographical Information Access tasks investigated. 4) TALPGeoIR: a novel GIR approach that combines Geographical Knowledge ReRanking (GeoKR), NLP and Relevance Feedback (RF) that achieved state-of-the-art results in official GeoCLEF benchmarks (Ferrés and Rodríguez, 2008; Mandl et al., 2008) and posterior experiments (Ferrés and Rodríguez, 2015a). This approach has been evaluated with the full GeoCLEF corpus (100 topics) and showed that GeoKR, NLP, and RF techniques evaluated separately or in combination improve the results in MAP and R-Precision effectiveness measures of the state-of-the-art IR algorithms TF-IDF, BM25 and InL2 and show statistical significance in most of the experiments. 5) GeoTALP-QA: a scope-based GeoQA approach for Spanish and English and its evaluation with a set of questions of the Spanish geography (Ferrés and Rodríguez, 2006). 6) Four state-of-the-art Textual Georeferencing approaches for informal and formal documents that achieved state-of-the-art results in evaluation benchmarks (Ferrés and Rodríguez, 2014) and posterior experiments (Ferrés and Rodríguez, 2011; Ferrés and Rodríguez, 2015b).L'Accés a la Informació Geogràfica (GeoAI) pot ser definit com una forma de recuperar informació de col·lecions textuals que inclou l'anàlisi automàtic i la interpretació dels termes i restriccions geogràfiques que apareixen en consultes i documents. Aquesta tesi doctoral presenta, descriu i avalua varies aproximacions heterogènies a les seguents tasques de GeoAI: Recuperació de la Informació Geogràfica (RIG), Cerca de la Resposta Geogràfica (GeoCR), i Georeferenciament Textual (GT). La tasca de RIG tracta amb consultes d'usuari que cerquen documents (e.g. ¿vinyes a California?) i la tasca GeoCR tracta de recuperar respostes concretes a preguntes (e.g. ¿Quina és la capital de França?). D'altra banda, GT es la tasca de relacionar una o més referències geogràfiques (com polígons o coordenades en un sistema de referència geodètic) a documents electrònics. Els algoritmes de l'estat de l'art actual en Intel·ligència Artificial encara no comprenen completament el significat semàntic i els termes i les restriccions geogràfiques presents en consultes i col·leccions de documents. Aquesta tesi intenta millorar els resultats en efectivitat de les tasques de GeoAI de la seguent manera: 1) millorant la detecció, comprensió, i la utilització d'una part del contingut geogràfic i temàtic de les consultes i documents amb tècniques de reconeixement de topònims, desambiguació de topònims, i Processament del Llenguatge Natural (PLN), i 2) combinant heurístics basats en Coneixement Geogràfic i en el sentit comú humà amb algoritmes de Recuperació de la Informació basats en dades. Les principals contribucions d'aquesta tesi a l'estat de l'art de les tasques de GeoAI són: 1) La presentació de 10 noves aproximacions a les tasques de GeoAI: 3 aproximacions per RIG, 3 per GeoCR, i 4 per Georeferenciament Textual (GT). 2) L'avaluació d'aquestes noves aproximacions en aquests contexts: en el marc d'avaluacions comparatives internacionals, posteriorment a avaluacions comparatives internacionals amb les col·lections de test, i amb altres conjunts de dades específics. La majoria d'aquests algoritmes han estat avaluats en avaluacions comparatives internacionals i alguns d'ells aconseguiren alguns dels millors resultats en l'estat de l'art, com per exemple els resultats en comparatives de RIG (GeoCLEF 2007) i GT (MediaEval 2014). 3) Els experiments descrits en aquesta tesi mostren que les aproximacions poden combinar coneixement geogràfic i PLN amb tècniques basades en dades per millorar les mesures d'efectivitat en les tres tasques de l'Accés a la Informació Geogràfica investigades. 4) TALPGeoIR: una nova aproximació a la RIG que combina Re-Ranking amb Coneixement Geogràfic (GeoKR), PLN i Retroalimentació de Rellevancia (RR) que aconseguí resultats en l'estat de l'art en comparatives oficials GeoCLEF (Ferrés and Rodríguez, 2008; Mandl et al., 2008) i en experiments posteriors (Ferrés and Rodríguez, 2015a). Aquesta aproximació ha estat avaluada amb el conjunt complert del corpus GeoCLEF (100 topics) i ha mostrat que les tècniques GeoKR, PLN i RR avaluades separadament o en combinació milloren els resultats en les mesures efectivitat MAP i R-Precision dels algoritmes de l'estat de l'art en Recuperació de la Infomació TF-IDF, BM25 i InL2 i a més mostren significació estadística en la majoria dels experiments. 5) GeoTALP-QA: una aproximació basada en l'àmbit geogràfic per espanyol i anglès i la seva avaluació amb un conjunt de preguntes de la geografía espanyola (Ferrés and Rodríguez, 2006). 6) Quatre aproximacions per al georeferenciament de documents formals i informals que obtingueren resultats en l'estat de l'art en avaluacions comparatives (Ferrés and Rodríguez, 2014) i en experiments posteriors (Ferrés and Rodríguez, 2011; Ferrés and Rodríguez, 2015b)

Knowledge-based and data-driven approaches for geographical information access

Geographical Information Access (GeoIA) can be defined as a way of retrieving information from textual collections that includes the automatic analysis and interpretation of the geographical constraints and terms present in queries and documents. This PhD thesis presents, describes and evaluates several heterogeneous approaches for the following three GeoIA tasks: Geographical Information Retrieval (GIR), Geographical Question Answering (GeoQA), and Textual Georeferencing (TG). The GIR task deals with user queries that search over documents (e.g. ¿vineyards in California?) and the GeoQA task treats questions that retrieve answers (e.g. ¿What is the capital of France?). On the other hand, TG is the task of associate one or more georeferences (such as polygons or coordinates in a geodetic reference system) to electronic documents. Current state-of-the-art AI algorithms are not yet fully understanding the semantic meaning and the geographical constraints and terms present in queries and document collections. This thesis attempts to improve the effectiveness results of GeoIA tasks by: 1) improving the detection, understanding, and use of a part of the geographical and the thematic content of queries and documents with Toponym Recognition, Toponym Disambiguation and Natural Language Processing (NLP) techniques, and 2) combining Geographical Knowledge-Based Heuristics based on common sense with Data-Driven IR algorithms. The main contributions of this thesis to the state-of-the-art of GeoIA tasks are: 1) The presentation of 10 novel approaches for GeoIA tasks: 3 approaches for GIR, 3 for GeoQA, and 4 for Textual Georeferencing (TG). 2) The evaluation of these novel approaches in these contexts: within official evaluation benchmarks, after evaluation benchmarks with the test collections, and with other specific datasets. Most of these algorithms have been evaluated in international evaluations and some of them achieved top-ranked state-of-the-art results, including top-performing results in GIR (GeoCLEF 2007) and TG (MediaEval 2014) benchmarks. 3) The experiments reported in this PhD thesis show that the approaches can combine effectively Geographical Knowledge and NLP with Data-Driven techniques to improve the efectiveness measures of the three Geographical Information Access tasks investigated. 4) TALPGeoIR: a novel GIR approach that combines Geographical Knowledge ReRanking (GeoKR), NLP and Relevance Feedback (RF) that achieved state-of-the-art results in official GeoCLEF benchmarks (Ferrés and Rodríguez, 2008; Mandl et al., 2008) and posterior experiments (Ferrés and Rodríguez, 2015a). This approach has been evaluated with the full GeoCLEF corpus (100 topics) and showed that GeoKR, NLP, and RF techniques evaluated separately or in combination improve the results in MAP and R-Precision effectiveness measures of the state-of-the-art IR algorithms TF-IDF, BM25 and InL2 and show statistical significance in most of the experiments. 5) GeoTALP-QA: a scope-based GeoQA approach for Spanish and English and its evaluation with a set of questions of the Spanish geography (Ferrés and Rodríguez, 2006). 6) Four state-of-the-art Textual Georeferencing approaches for informal and formal documents that achieved state-of-the-art results in evaluation benchmarks (Ferrés and Rodríguez, 2014) and posterior experiments (Ferrés and Rodríguez, 2011; Ferrés and Rodríguez, 2015b).L'Accés a la Informació Geogràfica (GeoAI) pot ser definit com una forma de recuperar informació de col·lecions textuals que inclou l'anàlisi automàtic i la interpretació dels termes i restriccions geogràfiques que apareixen en consultes i documents. Aquesta tesi doctoral presenta, descriu i avalua varies aproximacions heterogènies a les seguents tasques de GeoAI: Recuperació de la Informació Geogràfica (RIG), Cerca de la Resposta Geogràfica (GeoCR), i Georeferenciament Textual (GT). La tasca de RIG tracta amb consultes d'usuari que cerquen documents (e.g. ¿vinyes a California?) i la tasca GeoCR tracta de recuperar respostes concretes a preguntes (e.g. ¿Quina és la capital de França?). D'altra banda, GT es la tasca de relacionar una o més referències geogràfiques (com polígons o coordenades en un sistema de referència geodètic) a documents electrònics. Els algoritmes de l'estat de l'art actual en Intel·ligència Artificial encara no comprenen completament el significat semàntic i els termes i les restriccions geogràfiques presents en consultes i col·leccions de documents. Aquesta tesi intenta millorar els resultats en efectivitat de les tasques de GeoAI de la seguent manera: 1) millorant la detecció, comprensió, i la utilització d'una part del contingut geogràfic i temàtic de les consultes i documents amb tècniques de reconeixement de topònims, desambiguació de topònims, i Processament del Llenguatge Natural (PLN), i 2) combinant heurístics basats en Coneixement Geogràfic i en el sentit comú humà amb algoritmes de Recuperació de la Informació basats en dades. Les principals contribucions d'aquesta tesi a l'estat de l'art de les tasques de GeoAI són: 1) La presentació de 10 noves aproximacions a les tasques de GeoAI: 3 aproximacions per RIG, 3 per GeoCR, i 4 per Georeferenciament Textual (GT). 2) L'avaluació d'aquestes noves aproximacions en aquests contexts: en el marc d'avaluacions comparatives internacionals, posteriorment a avaluacions comparatives internacionals amb les col·lections de test, i amb altres conjunts de dades específics. La majoria d'aquests algoritmes han estat avaluats en avaluacions comparatives internacionals i alguns d'ells aconseguiren alguns dels millors resultats en l'estat de l'art, com per exemple els resultats en comparatives de RIG (GeoCLEF 2007) i GT (MediaEval 2014). 3) Els experiments descrits en aquesta tesi mostren que les aproximacions poden combinar coneixement geogràfic i PLN amb tècniques basades en dades per millorar les mesures d'efectivitat en les tres tasques de l'Accés a la Informació Geogràfica investigades. 4) TALPGeoIR: una nova aproximació a la RIG que combina Re-Ranking amb Coneixement Geogràfic (GeoKR), PLN i Retroalimentació de Rellevancia (RR) que aconseguí resultats en l'estat de l'art en comparatives oficials GeoCLEF (Ferrés and Rodríguez, 2008; Mandl et al., 2008) i en experiments posteriors (Ferrés and Rodríguez, 2015a). Aquesta aproximació ha estat avaluada amb el conjunt complert del corpus GeoCLEF (100 topics) i ha mostrat que les tècniques GeoKR, PLN i RR avaluades separadament o en combinació milloren els resultats en les mesures efectivitat MAP i R-Precision dels algoritmes de l'estat de l'art en Recuperació de la Infomació TF-IDF, BM25 i InL2 i a més mostren significació estadística en la majoria dels experiments. 5) GeoTALP-QA: una aproximació basada en l'àmbit geogràfic per espanyol i anglès i la seva avaluació amb un conjunt de preguntes de la geografía espanyola (Ferrés and Rodríguez, 2006). 6) Quatre aproximacions per al georeferenciament de documents formals i informals que obtingueren resultats en l'estat de l'art en avaluacions comparatives (Ferrés and Rodríguez, 2014) i en experiments posteriors (Ferrés and Rodríguez, 2011; Ferrés and Rodríguez, 2015b).Postprint (published version

Evaluation Methodologies for Visual Information Retrieval and Annotation

Die automatisierte Evaluation von Informations-Retrieval-Systemen erlaubt Performanz und Qualität der Informationsgewinnung zu bewerten. Bereits in den 60er Jahren wurden erste Methodologien für die system-basierte Evaluation aufgestellt und in den Cranfield Experimenten überprüft. Heutzutage gehören Evaluation, Test und Qualitätsbewertung zu einem aktiven Forschungsfeld mit erfolgreichen Evaluationskampagnen und etablierten Methoden. Evaluationsmethoden fanden zunächst in der Bewertung von Textanalyse-Systemen Anwendung. Mit dem rasanten Voranschreiten der Digitalisierung wurden diese Methoden sukzessive auf die Evaluation von Multimediaanalyse-Systeme übertragen. Dies geschah häufig, ohne die Evaluationsmethoden in Frage zu stellen oder sie an die veränderten Gegebenheiten der Multimediaanalyse anzupassen. Diese Arbeit beschäftigt sich mit der system-basierten Evaluation von Indizierungssystemen für Bildkollektionen. Sie adressiert drei Problemstellungen der Evaluation von Annotationen: Nutzeranforderungen für das Suchen und Verschlagworten von Bildern, Evaluationsmaße für die Qualitätsbewertung von Indizierungssystemen und Anforderungen an die Erstellung visueller Testkollektionen. Am Beispiel der Evaluation automatisierter Photo-Annotationsverfahren werden relevante Konzepte mit Bezug zu Nutzeranforderungen diskutiert, Möglichkeiten zur Erstellung einer zuverlässigen Ground Truth bei geringem Kosten- und Zeitaufwand vorgestellt und Evaluationsmaße zur Qualitätsbewertung eingeführt, analysiert und experimentell verglichen. Traditionelle Maße zur Ermittlung der Performanz werden in vier Dimensionen klassifiziert. Evaluationsmaße vergeben üblicherweise binäre Kosten für korrekte und falsche Annotationen. Diese Annahme steht im Widerspruch zu der Natur von Bildkonzepten. Das gemeinsame Auftreten von Bildkonzepten bestimmt ihren semantischen Zusammenhang und von daher sollten diese auch im Zusammenhang auf ihre Richtigkeit hin überprüft werden. In dieser Arbeit wird aufgezeigt, wie semantische Ähnlichkeiten visueller Konzepte automatisiert abgeschätzt und in den Evaluationsprozess eingebracht werden können. Die Ergebnisse der Arbeit inkludieren ein Nutzermodell für die konzeptbasierte Suche von Bildern, eine vollständig bewertete Testkollektion und neue Evaluationsmaße für die anforderungsgerechte Qualitätsbeurteilung von Bildanalysesystemen.Performance assessment plays a major role in the research on Information Retrieval (IR) systems. Starting with the Cranfield experiments in the early 60ies, methodologies for the system-based performance assessment emerged and established themselves, resulting in an active research field with a number of successful benchmarking activities. With the rise of the digital age, procedures of text retrieval evaluation were often transferred to multimedia retrieval evaluation without questioning their direct applicability. This thesis investigates the problem of system-based performance assessment of annotation approaches in generic image collections. It addresses three important parts of annotation evaluation, namely user requirements for the retrieval of annotated visual media, performance measures for multi-label evaluation, and visual test collections. Using the example of multi-label image annotation evaluation, I discuss which concepts to employ for indexing, how to obtain a reliable ground truth to moderate costs, and which evaluation measures are appropriate. This is accompanied by a thorough analysis of related work on system-based performance assessment in Visual Information Retrieval (VIR). Traditional performance measures are classified into four dimensions and investigated according to their appropriateness for visual annotation evaluation. One of the main ideas in this thesis adheres to the common assumption on the binary nature of the score prediction dimension in annotation evaluation. However, the predicted concepts and the set of true indexed concepts interrelate with each other. This work will show how to utilise these semantic relationships for a fine-grained evaluation scenario. Outcomes of this thesis result in a user model for concept-based image retrieval, a fully assessed image annotation test collection, and a number of novel performance measures for image annotation evaluation

Um arcabouço multimodal para geocodificação de objetos digitais

Orientador: Ricardo da Silva TorresTese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de ComputaçãoResumo: Informação geográfica é usualmente encontrada em objetos digitais (como documentos, imagens e vídeos), sendo de grande interesse utilizá-la na implementação de diferentes serviços. Por exemplo, serviços de navegação baseados em mapas e buscas geográficas podem se beneficiar das localizações geográficas associadas a objetos digitais. A implementação destes serviços, no entanto, demanda o uso de coleções de dados geocodificados. Este trabalho estuda a combinação de conteúdo textual e visual para geocodificar objetos digitais e propõe um arcabouço de agregação de listas para geocodificação multimodal. A informação textual e visual de vídeos e imagens é usada para definir listas ordenadas. Em seguida, elas são combinadas e a nova lista ordenada resultante é usada para definir a localização geográfica de vídeos e imagens. Uma arquitetura que implementa essa proposta foi projetada de modo que módulos específicos para cada modalidade (e.g., textual ou visual) possam ser aperfeiçoados independentemente. Outro componente é o módulo de fusão responsável pela combinação das listas ordenadas definidas por cada modalidade. Outra contribuição deste trabalho é a proposta de uma nova medida de avaliação da efetividade de métodos de geocodificação chamada Weighted Average Score (WAS). Ela é baseada em ponderações de distâncias que permitem avaliar a efetividade de uma abordagem, considerando todos os resultados de geocodificação das amostras de teste. O arcabouço proposto foi validado em dois contextos: desafio Placing Task da iniciativa MediaEval 2012, que consiste em atribuir, automaticamente, coordenadas geográficas a vídeos; e geocodificação de fotos de prédios da Virginia Tech (VT) nos EUA. No contexto do desafio Placing Task, os resultados mostram como nossa abordagem melhora a geocodificação em comparação a métodos que apenas contam com uma modalidade (sejam descritores textuais ou visuais). Nós mostramos ainda que a proposta multimodal produziu resultados comparáveis às melhores submissões que também não usavam informações adicionais além daquelas disponibilizadas na base de treinamento. Em relação à geocodificação das fotos de prédios da VT, os experimentos demostraram que alguns dos descritores visuais locais produziram resultados efetivos. A seleção desses descritores e sua combinação melhoraram esses resultados quando a base de conhecimento tinha as mesmas características da base de testeAbstract: Geographical information is often enclosed in digital objects (like documents, images, and videos) and its use to support the implementation of different services is of great interest. For example, the implementation of map-based browser services and geographic searches may take advantage of geographic locations associated with digital objects. The implementation of such services, however, demands the use of geocoded data collections. This work investigates the combination of textual and visual content to geocode digital objects and proposes a rank aggregation framework for multimodal geocoding. Textual and visual information associated with videos and images are used to define ranked lists. These lists are later combined, and the new resulting ranked list is used to define appropriate locations. An architecture that implements the proposed framework is designed in such a way that specific modules for each modality (e.g., textual and visual) can be developed and evolved independently. Another component is a data fusion module responsible for combining seamlessly the ranked lists defined for each modality. Another contribution of this work is related to the proposal of a new effectiveness evaluation measure named Weighted Average Score (WAS). The proposed measure is based on distance scores that are combined to assess how effective a designed/tested approach is, considering its overall geocoding results for a given test dataset. We validate the proposed framework in two contexts: the MediaEval 2012 Placing Task, whose objective is to automatically assign geographical coordinates to videos; and the task of geocoding photos of buildings from Virginia Tech (VT), USA. In the context of Placing Task, obtained results show how our multimodal approach improves the geocoding results when compared to methods that rely on a single modality (either textual or visual descriptors). We also show that the proposed multimodal approach yields comparable results to the best submissions to the Placing Task in 2012 using no additional information besides the available development/training data. In the context of the task of geocoding VT building photos, performed experiments demonstrate that some of the evaluated local descriptors yield effective results. The descriptor selection criteria and their combination improved the results when the used knowledge base has the same characteristics of the test setDoutoradoCiência da ComputaçãoDoutora em Ciência da Computaçã

Evaluation Methodologies for Visual Information Retrieval and Annotation

Die automatisierte Evaluation von Informations-Retrieval-Systemen erlaubt Performanz und Qualität der Informationsgewinnung zu bewerten. Bereits in den 60er Jahren wurden erste Methodologien für die system-basierte Evaluation aufgestellt und in den Cranfield Experimenten überprüft. Heutzutage gehören Evaluation, Test und Qualitätsbewertung zu einem aktiven Forschungsfeld mit erfolgreichen Evaluationskampagnen und etablierten Methoden. Evaluationsmethoden fanden zunächst in der Bewertung von Textanalyse-Systemen Anwendung. Mit dem rasanten Voranschreiten der Digitalisierung wurden diese Methoden sukzessive auf die Evaluation von Multimediaanalyse-Systeme übertragen. Dies geschah häufig, ohne die Evaluationsmethoden in Frage zu stellen oder sie an die veränderten Gegebenheiten der Multimediaanalyse anzupassen. Diese Arbeit beschäftigt sich mit der system-basierten Evaluation von Indizierungssystemen für Bildkollektionen. Sie adressiert drei Problemstellungen der Evaluation von Annotationen: Nutzeranforderungen für das Suchen und Verschlagworten von Bildern, Evaluationsmaße für die Qualitätsbewertung von Indizierungssystemen und Anforderungen an die Erstellung visueller Testkollektionen. Am Beispiel der Evaluation automatisierter Photo-Annotationsverfahren werden relevante Konzepte mit Bezug zu Nutzeranforderungen diskutiert, Möglichkeiten zur Erstellung einer zuverlässigen Ground Truth bei geringem Kosten- und Zeitaufwand vorgestellt und Evaluationsmaße zur Qualitätsbewertung eingeführt, analysiert und experimentell verglichen. Traditionelle Maße zur Ermittlung der Performanz werden in vier Dimensionen klassifiziert. Evaluationsmaße vergeben üblicherweise binäre Kosten für korrekte und falsche Annotationen. Diese Annahme steht im Widerspruch zu der Natur von Bildkonzepten. Das gemeinsame Auftreten von Bildkonzepten bestimmt ihren semantischen Zusammenhang und von daher sollten diese auch im Zusammenhang auf ihre Richtigkeit hin überprüft werden. In dieser Arbeit wird aufgezeigt, wie semantische Ähnlichkeiten visueller Konzepte automatisiert abgeschätzt und in den Evaluationsprozess eingebracht werden können. Die Ergebnisse der Arbeit inkludieren ein Nutzermodell für die konzeptbasierte Suche von Bildern, eine vollständig bewertete Testkollektion und neue Evaluationsmaße für die anforderungsgerechte Qualitätsbeurteilung von Bildanalysesystemen.Performance assessment plays a major role in the research on Information Retrieval (IR) systems. Starting with the Cranfield experiments in the early 60ies, methodologies for the system-based performance assessment emerged and established themselves, resulting in an active research field with a number of successful benchmarking activities. With the rise of the digital age, procedures of text retrieval evaluation were often transferred to multimedia retrieval evaluation without questioning their direct applicability. This thesis investigates the problem of system-based performance assessment of annotation approaches in generic image collections. It addresses three important parts of annotation evaluation, namely user requirements for the retrieval of annotated visual media, performance measures for multi-label evaluation, and visual test collections. Using the example of multi-label image annotation evaluation, I discuss which concepts to employ for indexing, how to obtain a reliable ground truth to moderate costs, and which evaluation measures are appropriate. This is accompanied by a thorough analysis of related work on system-based performance assessment in Visual Information Retrieval (VIR). Traditional performance measures are classified into four dimensions and investigated according to their appropriateness for visual annotation evaluation. One of the main ideas in this thesis adheres to the common assumption on the binary nature of the score prediction dimension in annotation evaluation. However, the predicted concepts and the set of true indexed concepts interrelate with each other. This work will show how to utilise these semantic relationships for a fine-grained evaluation scenario. Outcomes of this thesis result in a user model for concept-based image retrieval, a fully assessed image annotation test collection, and a number of novel performance measures for image annotation evaluation