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    A methodology to select suppliers to increase sustainability within supply chains

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    [EN] Sustainability practice within supply chains remains in an early development phase. Enterprises still need tools that support the integration of sustainability strategy into their activity, and to align their sustainability strategy with the supplier selection process. This paper proposes a methodology using a multi-criteria technique to support supplier selection decisions by taking two groups of inputs that integrate sustainability performance: supply chain performance and supplier assessment criteria. With the proposed methodology, organisations will have a tool to select suppliers based on their development towards sustainability and on their alignment with the supply chain strategy towards sustainability. The methodology is applied to an agri-food supply chain to assess sustainability in the supplier selection process.The authors of this publication acknowledge the contribution of Project GV/2017/065 'Development of a decision support tool for the management and improvement of sustainability in supply chains', funded by the Regional Valencian Government. Also, the authors acknowledge Project 691249, RUC-APS: Enhancing and implementing knowledge-based ICT solutions within high risk and uncertain conditions for agriculture production systems (www.ruc-aps.eu), funded by the European Union according to funding scheme H2020-MSCA-RISE-2015.Verdecho SĂĄez, MJ.; AlarcĂłn Valero, F.; PĂ©rez Perales, D.; Alfaro Saiz, JJ.; RodrĂ­guez RodrĂ­guez, R. (2021). A methodology to select suppliers to increase sustainability within supply chains. 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    Compliance is Not Enough: Best Practices in Responding to The California Transparency in Supply Chains Act

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    This document is part of a digital collection provided by the Martin P. Catherwood Library, ILR School, Cornell University, pertaining to the effects of globalization on the workplace worldwide. Special emphasis is placed on labor rights, working conditions, labor market changes, and union organizing.V_2012_Compliance_Not_Enough_California_Transparency_Supply_Chain_WP.pdf: 824 downloads, before Oct. 1, 2020

    Implementing sustainability in multi-tier supply chains: strategies and contingencies in managing sub-suppliers

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    Buying firms must pay increased attention to supply chain sustainability issues, as stakeholders might hold them responsible for non-sustainable supply chain activities. Frequently, sustainability problems occur upstream at the sub-supplier level. Building on the literature on multi-tier supply chains (MSCs), we investigated the sustainability management strategies of buying firms in the food, apparel, packaging, and consumer electronics with regard to second-tier suppliers and beyond. In particular, we analyzed seven cases of global MSCs and found four different characteristic MSC types—open, closed, third party, and “don't bother”. We identified three main factors—supply chain complexity, the sustainability management capabilities of the first-tier supplier, and the type of sustainability in focus (i.e., environmental or social sustainability)—that determine when and how buying firms actually extend their sustainability strategies to their sub-suppliers

    Embedding sustainability into global supply chains : evidence from Bangladeshi multi-tier apparel suppliers : a thesis presented in partial fulfilment of the requirement for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Management at Massey University, Albany, Auckland, New Zealand

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    Sustainability and supply management in global supply chains (GSCs) have received much attention over the recent years from industry leaders, academics, and policy makers worldwide. However, scant attention has been paid to investigating the implementation of sustainable supply management (SSM) practices from the perspective of multi-tier suppliers located in a developing country context. To address this knowledge gap, this study examines why and how Bangladeshi multi-tier apparel suppliers implement SSM practices in GSCs. This study is positioned within an interpretivist paradigm and employs qualitative research methodology, drawing on data from interviews with 7 owners and 39 managers of Bangladeshi multi-tier apparel suppliers and their 15 key stakeholders. This thesis contains three empirical findings chapters. The first chapter investigates the factors that drive or hinder multi-tier suppliers’ implementation of SSM practices, drawing on integrative stakeholder theory, institutional theory and contingency theory. The findings suggest that buyers’ requirements, increased factory productivity and external stakeholder expectations are key drivers for multi-tier suppliers to embed SSM practices. Conversely, cost and resource concerns, and gaps in the regulatory framework are dominant barriers encountered by multi-tier suppliers in the effective implementation of SSM practices. The second chapter examines how institutional pressures and mechanisms affect the implementation of SSM practices across multi-tier suppliers, and why these suppliers decouple implementation practices. Drawing on institutional theory, the findings indicate that institutional pressures and mechanisms – coercive, mimetic and normative – vary across multi-tier suppliers, thereby affecting their divergent implementation of SSM practices. However, managers and owners of multi-tier suppliers apply three key decoupling approaches – avoidance, defiance and manipulation – in response to institutional pressures. Specifically, the findings suggest a multiplicity of logics across multi-tier suppliers, which conflict with or complement each other during the SSM implementation process. The third chapter investigates how multi-tier apparel suppliers integrate social and environmental issues to improve SSM outcomes. The findings suggest that multi-tier apparel suppliers are implementing various social and environmental practices to improve SSM outcomes. Although the level of implementation of sustainability practices is high within first-tier suppliers, second-tier and third-tier suppliers either adopt specific social practices on an ad hoc basis or symbolically implement environmental practices. Reflecting on the overall findings, this study contributes to theory by offering a series of research propositions and expounding a holistic SSM implementation framework for multi-tier suppliers. In addition, this study provides significant implications for practitioners including factory owners, managers, and policy makers who seek to implement SSM practices in GSCs. The key limitation of this study concerns generalisability due to context-specific challenges. Future research should therefore focus on a cross-country data set to understand any differences in the emerging framework for multi-tier suppliers’ SSM implementation

    Developing an Artificial Intelligence Framework to Assess Shipbuilding and Repair Sub-Tier Supply Chains Risk

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    The defense shipbuilding and repair industry is a labor-intensive sector that can be characterized by low-product volumes and high investments in which a large number of shared resources, technology, suppliers, and processes asynchronously converge into large construction projects. It is mainly organized by the execution of a complex combination of sequential and overlapping stages. While entities engaged in this large-scale endeavor are often knowledgeable about their first-tier suppliers, they usually do not have insight into the lower tiers suppliers. A sizable part of any supply chain disruption is attributable to instabilities in sub-tier suppliers. This research note conceptually delineates a framework that considers the elicitation of the existing associations between suppliers and sub-tier suppliers. This framework, Shipbuilding Risk Supply Chain (Ship-RISC), offers a simulation framework to leverage real-time and data using an Industry 4.0 approach to generate descriptive and prescriptive analytics based on the execution of simulation models that support risk management assessment and decision-making

    The complementing role of sustainability standards in managing international and multi-tiered mineral supply chains

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    Abstract Supply chains (SCs) often entail suppliers beyond the focal firm's visible horizon and thus outside its awareness and management. This article conceptualizes how standards can complement the management of complex SCs to identify and manage previously unknown suppliers. Combining institutional theory and multi-tier SC management (SCM), standards and SCs are conceptualized as meta-institutional fields that can complement each other to enlarge the reach of the focal firm, reduce SC uncertainty, and ensure legitimate SC operations. This conceptualization is empirically supported with 1) a pre-study of eight interviews with large firms in the automotive industry and 2) a structured content-analysis based document analysis of twenty sustainability standards for mineral resources. The findings identify a standard's ownership, its supplier coverage, and the overlap of its requirements with institutionalized SC values, structures, and practices as critical enablers for establishing supplier compliance in complex and previously unmanaged settings, such as the upstream parts of international and multi-tiered mineral SCs. Based on these findings, focal firms can use standards to enhance the reach and power towards distant suppliers. The reviewed standards could extend their supplier coverage and focus sustainability at large to create synergies for their downstream customers. The study thus contributes a novel conceptualization of the complementing role of standards in SCs and especially beyond the visible horizon of the focal firm, refines the constructs for a standard's characterization in SCM, and provides first industry-specific empirical support for the relevance of the complementing role and how standards currently fill it

    Challenges in collecting sustainability information in Multi-Tier Supply Chains : Impact of EU Corporate Sustainability Due Diligence directive

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    Sustainable supply chain management (SSCM) is becoming increasingly important to companies. The literature has acknowledged that multi-tier supply chains can have a positive impact on sustainability but expanding the scope of SSCM is challenging as it e.g., decreases management efficiency because of information exchange difficulties and because of the restricted observability of supply chain partners. Stakeholders are extensively requiring the companies to extend their sustainability management practices to the entire, complex multi-tiered supply chains and the proposal of the EU Corporate Sustainability Due Diligence (CSDD) directive is a novel example of that. To answer to the requirements of stakeholders and the directive, firms must collect sustainability information from their supply chains, hence are facing several challenges related to multi-tier sustainable supply chain management (MT-SSCM), transparency and due diligence. The purpose of this study is to find out what kind of challenges do companies face in collecting sustainability information in multi-tier supply chains and whether the new EU CSDD would bring any additional challenges to them. The aim of the research is also to see if the industry, the existing regulation affecting sourcing, or the company’s perceived maturity of sustainability management influence the challenges companies face. The research approach for this study is qualitative. Four semi-structured interviews were conducted in companies included in the EU CSDD scope and analysed using thematic analysis. The findings of this research indicate that the challenges companies see emerge mainly from supply chain complexity, which brings challenges, such as lack of power, distance, and lack of visibility, that subsequently influence supplier resistance, transparency, company resources and information gathering. Challenges emerging from the EU CSDD are mainly related to the content of the directive and the extra resources needed for complying with the regulation. The nature of the industry where the company operates, regulation and the company’s subjective perception of their sustainability management maturity affect how challenging companies saw answering to the directive. This research concludes that MT-SSCM, transparency and due diligence literature are closely interlinked and that the challenges in collecting sustainability information affect the success in all the three areas. This study fills in the gap on MT-SSCM literature and is especially concentrating on the relations of transparency and due diligence to MT-SSCM. It is also novel research of the challenges emerging especially from EU CSDD. This study provides business leaders understanding of where the challenges are stemming from and helps them to navigate in the dynamic world of changing sustainability requirements. This study also gives suggestions for policy makers on how to build better regulation.Vastuullinen toimitusketjujen hallinta (sustainable supply chain management, SSCM) on yhĂ€ tĂ€rkeĂ€mpÀÀ yrityksille. Multi-tier -toimitusketjujen positiivinen vaikutus toimitusketjun kestĂ€vyyteen on huomattu myös kirjallisuudessa, mutta SSCM:n soveltamisen laajentaminen pidemmĂ€lle toimitusketjuun on haastavaa, sillĂ€ esimerkiksi vaikeudet tiedonvaihdossa heikentĂ€vĂ€t hallinnoinnin tehokkuutta ja nĂ€kyvyys toimitusketjun ylĂ€virran toimijoihin on huonontunut. SidosryhmĂ€t vaativat enenevissĂ€ mÀÀrin yrityksiĂ€ laajentamaan vastuullisuuden hallintaa koko monimutkaisiin multi-tier -toimitusketjuihin, ja EU:n yritysten kestĂ€vÀÀ toimintaa koskeva huolellisuusvelvoite (EU Corporate Sustainability Due Diligence, CSDD) -direktiiviehdotus on tuorein esimerkki tĂ€stĂ€. Vastatakseen sidosryhmien ja direktiivin vaatimuksiin yritysten on kerĂ€ttĂ€vĂ€ toimitusketjujensa vastuullisuustietoa, mikĂ€ tarkoittaa niille useita multi-tier -toimitusketjun hallintaan, lĂ€pinĂ€kyvyyteen ja due diligencen suorittamiseen liittyviĂ€ haasteita. TĂ€mĂ€n tutkimuksen tarkoituksena on selvittÀÀ, millaisia haasteita vastuullisuustiedon kerÀÀminen multi-tier -toimitusketjuista aiheuttaa yrityksille ja millaisia lisĂ€haasteita he nĂ€kevĂ€t EU:n CSDD:n heille tuovan. Tutkimuksen tarkoituksena on myös selvittÀÀ, vaikuttaako toimiala, hankintaan vaikuttava olemassa oleva sÀÀntely tai yrityksen nĂ€kemys omasta vastuullisuuden hallinnan edistyksellisyydestĂ€ yritysten kohtaamiin haasteisiin. TĂ€ssĂ€ tutkimuksessa on kĂ€ytetty kvalitatiivista tutkimusotetta. NeljĂ€ EU:n CSDD:n soveltamisalaan kuuluvaa yritystĂ€ haastateltiin ja tulokset analysoitiin teemoittelulla. Haastattelut olivat puolistrukturoituja. TĂ€mĂ€n tutkimuksen tulokset osoittavat, ettĂ€ yritysten nĂ€kemĂ€t haasteet johtuvat pÀÀasiassa toimitusketjun monimutkaisuudesta, joka luo haasteita, jotka liittyvĂ€t neuvotteluvaltaan, etĂ€isyyteen ja nĂ€kyvyyden puutteeseen, jotka edelleen vaikuttavat toimittajien luomaan vastarintaan, lĂ€pinĂ€kyvyyteen, yrityksen resursseihin ja tiedonkeruuseen. EU:n CSDD:n luomat haasteet liittyvĂ€t direktiivin sisĂ€ltöön ja asetuksen noudattamisen edellyttĂ€miin lisĂ€resursseihin yrityksiltĂ€. Yrityksen toimialan luonne, sÀÀntely ja yrityksen subjektiivinen nĂ€kemys vastuullisuuden hallinnan edistyksellisyydestĂ€ vaikuttavat siihen, kuinka haasteellisena yritykset nĂ€kivĂ€t direktiivin noudattamisen. Tutkimus osoittaa, ettĂ€ multi-tier -toimitusketjun vastuullisen johtamiseen (MT-SSCM), lĂ€pinĂ€kyvyyteen ja due diligenceen liittyvĂ€ kirjallisuus liittyvĂ€t lĂ€heisesti toisiinsa. Se osoittaa myös, ettĂ€ vastuullisuustiedon kerÀÀmisen haasteet vaikuttavat kaikkien kolmen osa-alueen tavoitteiden onnistumiseen. TĂ€mĂ€ tutkimus pyrkii tĂ€yttĂ€mÀÀn vajeen MT-SSCM -kirjallisuudessa ja keskittyy erityisesti lĂ€pinĂ€kyvyyden ja due diligencen vaikutuksiin MT-SSCM:n toteuttamisessa. Se luo myös uutta tutkimusta erityisesti EU:n CSDD:n nouseviin haasteisiin liittyen. TĂ€mĂ€ tutkimus antaa yritysjohtajille ymmĂ€rrystĂ€ siitĂ€, mistĂ€ haasteet johtuvat, ja auttaa heitĂ€ navigoimaan muuttuvien vastuullisuusvaatimusten maailmassa. TĂ€mĂ€ tutkimus antaa myös ehdotuksia poliittisille pÀÀttĂ€jille paremman sÀÀntelyn rakentamiseksi
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