Review and evaluation of past solar cell development efforts

Bibliography on photovoltaic effect and solar cell developmen

Ultra-thin plasma nitrided oxide gate dielectrics for advanced MOS transistors

Ultra-thin plasma nitrided oxides have been optimized with the objective to decrease JG and maximize carrier mobility. It was found that while the base oxide cannot be aggressively scaled, plasma optimization yields better mobility thereby increase transistor performance. A summary of the EOT versus gate leakage current density of NMOS devices with plasma nitrided oxides is shown in Figure 5.19. EOT down to 1.2 nm has been achieved with a gate leakage current density of 40 A/cm2 at 1 V operating voltage

Semiannual progress report no. 1, 16 November 1964 - 30 June 1965

Summary reports of research in bioelectronics, electron streams and interactions, plasmas, quantum and optical electronics, radiation and propagation, and solid-state electronic

Semiannual review of research and advanced development, 1 January - 30 June 1969. Volume 2 - /OART/

Supporting research and technology on spacecraft propulsion and electronic system

Application of Scanning Probe Microscopy for New Physical Measurements and Studies of Surface Chemical Reactions of Materials at the Molecular Level

Scanning probe microscopy (SPM) provides unique capabilities for surface visualization and measurements that reach atomic and molecular dimensions. My research focus is directed toward applying and developing new measurements for analytical and surface chemistry with SPM. Two distinct goals based on studies with atomic force microscopy (AFM) will be described within this dissertation. The primary goal was to develop and apply a new AFM imaging mode for ultrasensitive measurements of the superparamagnetic properties of proteins. Magnetic sample modulation (MSM)-AFM, has capabilities to investigate and map the magnetic response of nanomaterials with unprecedented spatial resolution. The second goal was to apply high resolution AFM to probe the scaling and magnitude of corrosion of copper surfaces as a function of selected chemical parameters. Characterization of the magnetic properties of nanomaterials using a new AFM imaging mode will be described in the first part of the dissertation. Ferritin is a model nanomaterial for SPM studies because of the superparamagnetic iron-oxide (Fe2O3) core and ultra small dimensions of the protein, as described in Chapter 3. Periodic arrays of ferritin architectures were fabricated on surfaces and used as test platforms for measurements with magnetic sample modulation (MSM), for mapping the magnetic domains of ferritin are described in Chapters 4 and 5. The new MSM approach combines contact mode AFM with electromagnetic modulation of samples to measure the vibration and motion of nanomaterials. Proof-of-concept results demonstrate the capabilities for selective mapping of individual ferritin molecules through vibration of the superparamagnetic iron cores. Corrosion by-products from copper plumbing that are released into tap water are known to impact water quality and are detrimental to consumer health. The second part of this dissertation (Chapter 6) presents results for surface changes caused by water chemistry parameters typical of domestic water supplies. In this study, AFM was used to characterize nanoscale changes in surface morphology caused by chemical treatments at the earliest onset of copper corrosion as a function of pH, solution concentration and immersion intervals of copper substrates. Conclusions and future directions for the work of this dissertation will be summarized in Chapter 7

Solar Cells

Over the last decade, photovoltaic (PV) technology has shown the potential to become a major source of power generation for the world - with robust and continuous growth even during times of financial and economic crisis. That growth is expected to continue in the years ahead as worldwide awareness of the advantages of PV increases. However, cost remains as the greatest barrier to further expansion of PV-generated power, and therefore cost reduction is the prime goal of the PV and solar cell investigation. This book intends to contribute to such a purpose by covering a wide range of modern research topics in the solar cell physics and technology fields. The already established -1st generation- silicon solar cell technology, the 2nd generation thin film and the 3rd generation dye sensitized solar cells, including new technologies with very high perspectives for reducing the cost of solar electricity such as CZTS, organic polymer and tandem solar cells based on III-V compounds -under concentrated sunlight- are studied in this book by experts in the field from around the world. At the end, two chapters are also dedicated to the systems engineering, providing a complete PV energy research and application perspectives panoram