1,086 research outputs found

    Osteological morphometric analysis of instrumentation safe zones of C1 and C2 vertebra in North Indian population: a multicentric study

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    Background: The complex anatomy and critical functional role of the C1 and C2 vertebrae necessitate precise understanding of safe zones for instrumentation to mitigate risks during surgical interventions. This study aimed to conduct a comprehensive morphometric analysis to identify and characterize safe zones for instrumentation within C1 and C2 vertebrae. Though there are multiple radiological based studies, actual osteological measurements are not available for North Indian population. Methods: 200 atlas and axis vertebrae were measured within an accuracy of 0.01 mm to ascertain various dimensions, distances and angles to guide safe exposure and instrumentation. To the best of our knowledge this observational morphometric study is first to provide actual osteological measurements in large number of C1 and C2 vertebrae in North Indian population. Results: The morphometric analysis revealed precise measurements of pedicle dimensions, transverse foramen parameters, and distances from key anatomical landmarks within C1 and C2 vertebrae. Safe zones for instrumentation were identified based on these measurements, considering the optimal implant size and trajectory to minimize the risk of neural or vascular damage. Differences between the morphology of North Indian, South Indian and Turkish C1 and C2 morphology was also identified. Conclusions: This study provides critical insights into the morphometric parameters which can be used to identify safe zones for instrumentation within the C1 and C2 vertebrae. The identified safe zones and associated measurements are essential for optimizing surgical strategies, enhancing instrumentation accuracy, and ultimately improving patient outcomes during craniovertebral surgical procedures. Spine Surgeons can utilize this data to tailor surgical approaches and implant placements, promoting safer and more effective interventions in the challenging anatomical region of the craniovertebral junction

    A morphomertic study of dry human typical thoracic vertebral body in coastal region, Andhra Pradesh

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    Background: The frequent surgical interventions of the thoracic spine are more common due to a wide array of traumatic, degenerative, and neoplastic diseases. For successful surgical management of these conditions, detailed anatomical knowledge of the thoracic vertebrae is required. Previous studies in the past about morphometry of thoracic vertebrae mainly focused on pedicle diameters and their angulations. The vertebral body was not studied particularly in the coastal region, Andhra Pradesh which is the reason the present study has given importance to the morphometry of the vertebral body. Aim was to measure the various parameters of the vertebral body in typical thoracic vertebrae.Methods: 82 dry human typical thoracic vertebrae from the department of anatomy, Andhra Medical College, Visakhapatnam were studied for the various morphometric parameters.Results: The antero posterior distance of the vertebral body in typical thoracic vertebrae ranged from 14.5-27.5 mm with a mean of 21.77 mm. The vertebral body superior transverse diameter ranged from 18.1-38.7 mm with a mean of 28.22 mm. The vertebral body inferior transverse diameter ranged from 22.6-41.2 mm with a mean of 31.3 mm. The anterior height of the body ranged from 10.2-24.1 mm with a mean of 18.17 mm. The right and left lateral height of the body ranged from 9.0-24.7 mm with a mean of 18.4 mm.Conclusions: The results provide information for more accurate modelling and design of vertebral body implants and instrumentations for the Indian population

    Sexual dimorphism from vertebrae: its potential use for sex estimation in an identified Portuguese sample.

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    In archaeological and medicolegal contexts, sex estimation is a crucial parameter for personal identification. However, it can be a complex task if the skeletal remains are damaged or fragmented. For this reason, it is important to establish reliable methodologies and techniques using alternative sexually dimorphic anatomical regions other than pelvic and skull, such as vertebrae. The purpose of the current study was to evaluate the level of sexual dimorphism of first, second and seventh cervical and twelfth thoracic vertebrae from the Coimbra Identified Skeletal Collection of the University of Coimbra (Portugal) and to develop logistic regression equations for sex estimation based on metric data from these vertebrae. The sample comprised 73 individuals (38 males and 35 females) with a mean age of 50.10 ± 18.34 years. Eleven multivariate logistic regression equations were developed with accuracy rates between 80.0% and 92.5%. The first cervical vertebra demonstrated to be useful for sex diagnosis when more sexually dimorphic anatomical regions (i.e., pelvis and skull) are not available or suitable for analysis.pre-print325 K

    Anatomy and clinical significance of sacral variations: a systematic review

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    The sacrum is a large trilateral bone located at the base of the vertebral column serving to transfer the body weight from the trunk to the pelvis and lower extremities. Over the years, an abundance of sacral anatomical divergences has been reported, including numerical and/or morphological variations of sacral entities. The majority of these anatomical alternations has been incidentally identified during radiological investigations, surgical procedures or discovered in anatomical, anthropological and forensic research studies. Throughout international literature, however, there is a scarcity of an integrative recording of all known anatomical variations of the sacrum in a single study. This constitutes the objective of the present paper: to provide an exhaustive systematic review of the relevant literature, as well as to thoroughly describe all the recognized deviations of the sacrum structure, while highlighting the aspects of their clinical significance

    Estimating sex from the seven cervical vertebrae : an analysis of White European skeletal populations

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    xv, 244 leaves : col. ill. ; 29 cm.Includes abstract and appendices.Includes bibliographical references (leaves 177-194).The current study focused on the seven cervical vertebrae to establish an accurate sex estimation method for White European skeletal populations. The influences of stature and aging on the cervical vertebrae were also investigated to assess their effects on estimating sex from the cervical vertebrae. Three characteristics from the seven cervical vertebrae were measured (CHT, maximum body height; CAP, vertebral foramen anterior-posterior diameter; and CTR, vertebral foramen transverse diameter). Two hundred and ninety five individuals (157 males, 138 females), ranging from 20 to 99 years old were studied from the contemporary University of Athens and the historic Luis Lopes Skeletal Collections. To date, no study has used the combination of cervical vertebral foramen measurements and the vertebral body height to estimate sex. Intra- and inter-observer error rates were low, with the exception of C1TR. The statistical analyses showed that only CHT and CTR measurements exhibited sexual dimorphism. Seven multivariate discriminant functions were developed that successfully estimated sex between 80.3% and 84.5% accuracy. A cross-validation study tested the reliability of estimating sex using the seven functions. Five of the seven functions exhibited strong statistical algorithms. No ancestral differences were exhibited between the contemporary Greek and historic Portuguese skeletal collections indicating that the discriminant functions are useful for estimating sex of White Europeans from different time periods. No relationship existed between stature and any of the three measurements. Adult females exhibited no age-related changes to the vertebral morphometrics whereas males exhibited age-related changes in only four of the seven CAP diameters. Further testing revealed that these diameters gradually decreased in size between 30 years and 90 years of age. However, the CAP diameter exhibited no significant dimorphic potential for estimating sex. Therefore, this study will assist in estimating sex of unknown White European individuals from the cervical vertebrae and will be useful in cases such as mass disasters when only fragmented remains are available for examination

    15th Annual Meeting of the European Association of Vertebrate Palaeontologists, Munich, Germany

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    Ancestral determination from foramen magnum

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    Ancestry estimation is a crucial part of the biological profile creation in forensic anthropology. Without proper classification of ancestry, other aspects of the biological profile, such as stature, can be affected. Several techniques are used by forensic anthropologists to determine ancestry of unidentified remains. Some anthropologists believe the cranium to be an excellent indicator of ancestry (Rhine 1990). The focus of this research was to determine the utility of the foramen magnum region on the cranial base as a positive indicator of ancestry. Previous studies have explored the effectiveness of using the cranial base’s occipital condyles for ancestry assignment of an individual. Holland (1986a) studied the Terry Collection, housed at the Smithsonian, to develop five multiple-regression equations. Using the same measurements as Holland (1986a) for the current research, four modern skeletal collections consisting principally of whites, blacks, and Hispanics were documented and measured. A total of 465 cranial bases comprised the sample. The hypothesis of this research stated correlations exist between the shape of the foramen magnum and ancestry of an individual. The null hypothesis stated ancestral groups are not visually and metrically different from each other. Localized changes on the cranial base have occurred. The Maximum Distance between Occipital Condyles increased in length and the Maximum Interior Distance between Occipital Condyles decreased in length. Five different foramen magnum shape categories were defined to classify each foramen magnum: Arrowhead, Circle, Diamond, Egg, and Oval. No correlations were found between foramen magnum shapes and positive assignment of ancestry or sex. However, the Egg shaped foramen magnum has the potential to be used as an eliminating non-metric characteristic for Hispanics; no individuals of presumed Hispanic ancestry possessed an Egg shaped foramen magnum. A Pearson’s chi-square showed a significant relationship between blacks, whites, and Hispanics, and foramen magnum shape (p = 0.05). Metric variation of the foramen magnum width among blacks, whites, and Hispanics is significant (p = 0.05). Also, variation between sexes was significant in eight of the 12 measurements (p = 0.05). Ultimately, the null hypothesis for shape variation could not be rejected, while the null hypothesis for metric variation could be accepted

    Middle Pleistocene vertebrate fossils from the Nefud Desert, Saudi Arabia: Implications for biogeography and palaeoecology

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    The current paucity of Pleistocene vertebrate records from the Arabian Peninsula - a landmass of over 3 million km2 - is a significant gap in our knowledge of the Quaternary. Such data are critical lines of contextual evidence for considering animal and hominin dispersals between Africa and Eurasia generally, and hominin palaeoecology in the Pleistocene landscapes of the Arabian interior specifically. Here, we describe an important contribution to the record and report stratigraphically-constrained fossils of mammals, birds and reptiles from recent excavations at Ti’s al Ghadah in the southwestern Nefud Desert. Combined U-series and ESR analyses of Oryx sp. teeth indicate that the assemblage is Middle Pleistocene in age and dates to ca. 500 ka. The identified fauna is a biogeographical admixture that consists of likely endemics and taxa of African and Eurasian affinity and includes extinct and extant (or related Pleistocene forms of) mammals (Palaeoloxodon cf. recki, Panthera cf. gombaszogenis, Equus hemionus, cf. Crocuta crocuta, Vulpes sp., Canis anthus, Oryx sp.), the first Pleistocene records of birds from the Arabian Peninsula (Struthio sp., Neophron percnopterus, Milvus cf. migrans, Tachybaptus sp. Anas sp., Pterocles orientalis, Motacilla cf. alba) and reptiles (Varanidae/Uromastyx sp.). We infer that the assemblage reflects mortality in populations of herbivorous animals and their predators and scavengers that were attracted to freshwater and plant resources in the inter-dune basin. At present, there is no evidence to suggest hominin agency in the accumulation of the bone assemblages. The inferred ecological characteristics of the taxa recovered indicate the presence, at least periodically, of substantial water-bodies and open grassland habitats

    Detection of osteoporosis in lumbar spine [L1-L4] trabecular bone: a review article

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    The human bones are categorized based on elemental micro architecture and porosity. The porosity of the inner trabecular bone is high that is 40-95% and the nature of the bone is soft and spongy where as the cortical bone is harder and is less porous that is 5 to 15%. Osteoporosis is a disease that normally affects women usually after their menopause. It largely causes mild bone fractures and further stages lead to the demise of an individual. This analysis is on the basis of bone mineral density (BMD) standards obtained through a variety of scientific methods experimented from different skeletal regions. The detection of osteoporosis in lumbar spine has been widely recognized as a promising way to frequent fractures. Therefore, premature analysis of osteoporosis will estimate the risk of the bone fracture which prevents life threats. This paper focuses on the advanced technology in imaging systems and fracture probability analysis of osteoporosis detection. The various segmentation techniques are explored to examine osteoporosis in particular region of the image and further significant attributes are extracted using different methods to classify normal and abnormal (osteoporotic) bones. The limitations of the reviewed papers are more in feature dimensions, lesser accuracy and expensive imaging modalities like computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and DEXA. To overcome these limitations it is suggested to have less feature dimensions, more accuracy and cost-effective imaging modality like X-ray. This is required to avoid bone fractures and to improve BMD with precision which further helps in the diagnosis of osteoporosis
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