NMR Determination of Oligonucleotide Structure

This unit provides an overview of the use of NMR to determine oligonucleotide structure. It covers basic NMR spectral properties, acquisition of interproton distance restraints and torsion angle restraints, structure refinement, assessment of the quality of the structure obtained. Software programs used in the process are also described.Peer Reviewedhttps://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/143742/1/cpnc0702.pd

Revisiting Allostery In Lac Repressor

Lac repressor (LacI) is an allosterically regulated transcription factor which controls expression of the lac operon in bacteria. LacI consists of a DNA-binding domain (DBD) and regulatory domain (RD), connected by a linker called the “hinge”. Binding of a small molecule inducer to the RD relieves repression through what is presumed to be a series of conformational changes mediated through the hinge. Despite decades of study, our understanding of this allosteric transition remains incomplete—mostly inferred from partial crystal structures and low-resolution scattering studies. In principle, solution-NMR could provide structural and dynamical information unobtainable by X-ray methods. However, due to LacI’s high molecular weight, low solubility, and transient stability, such studies have been limited to the non-allosteric, isolated DBD. Here, we present a solution-NMR study of the changes in structure and dynamics that underlie the allosteric transition of intact LacI. First, an optimized expression system is presented which enables characterization of LacI using NMR methodologies for high molecular weight proteins. Next, alternative NMR data sampling methods are implemented and further extended to overcome the low-solubility and transient stability limitations. Finally, these developments are combined to characterize LacI in each of its functional states. It is shown that the RD but not the DBD of apo LacI exists in an equilibrium between induced and repressed states with exchange occurring on the �s-ms timescale. Inducer binding in the absence of operator mostly quenches exchange but does not result in structural changes in the hinge or DBD. Conformational dynamics detected in the induced state are shown to be localized to a “network” of RD residues previously characterized to be critical for allostery. These dynamics are shown to be quenched in non-allosteric mutants which suggests functional relevance. Operator binding results in globally quenched dynamics and dramatic changes to the structure of the hinge. Inducer binding in the presence of operator results in only minor structural perturbation in the hinge and DBD. However, dynamics are shown to be activated in the RD. These results suggest that conformational dynamics may be critical to the allosteric transition of LacI

Understanding complex biomolecular systems through the synergy of molecular dynamics simulations, NMR spectroscopy and X-Ray crystallography

Proteins and DNA are essential to life as we know it and understanding their function is understanding their structure and dynamics. The importance of the latter is being appreciated more in recent years and has led to the development of novel interdisciplinary techniques and approaches to studying protein function. Three techniques to study protein structure and dynamics have been used and combined in different ways in the context of this thesis and have led to a better understanding of the three systems described herein. X-ray crystallography is the oldest and still arguably most popular technique to study macromolecular structures. Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy is a not much younger technique that is a powerful tool not only to probe molecular structure but also dynamics. The last technique described herein are molecular dynamics (MD) simulations, which are only just growing out of their infancy. MD simulations are computer simulations of macromolecules based on structures solved by X-ray crystallography or NMR spectroscopy, that can give mechanistic insight into dynamic processes of macromolecules whose amplitudes can be estimated by the former two techniques. MD simulations of the model protein GB3 (B3 immunoglobulin-binding domain of streptococcal protein G) were conducted to identify origins of discrepancies between order parameters derived from different sets of MD simulations and NMR relaxation experiments.The results highlight the importance of time scales as well as sampling when comparing MD simulations to NMR experiments. Discrepancies are seen for unstructured regions like loops and termini and often correspond to nanosecond time scale transitions between conformational substates that are either over- or undersampled in simulation. Sampling biases can be somewhat remedied by running longer (microsecond time scale) simulations. However, some discrepancies persist over even very long trajectories. We show that these discrepancies can be due to the choice of the starting structure and more specifically even differences in protonation procedures. A test for convergence on the nanosecond time scale is shown to be able to correct for many of the observed discrepancies. Next, MD simulations were used to predict in vitro thermostability of members of the bacterial Ribonuclease HI (RNase H) family of endonucleases. Thermodynamic stability is a central requirement for protein function and a goal of protein engineering is improvement of stability, particularly for applications in biotechnology. The temperature dependence of the generalized order parameter, S, for four RNase H homologs, from psychrotrophic, mesophilic and thermophilic organisms, is highly correlated with experimentally determined melting temperatures and with calculated free energies of folding at the midpoint temperature of the simulations. This study provides an approach for in silico mutational screens to improve thermostability of biologically and industrially relevant enzymes. Lastly, we used a combination of X-ray crystallography, NMR spectroscopy and MD simulations to study specificity of the interaction between Drosophila Hox proteins and their DNA target sites. Hox proteins are transcription factors specifying segment identity during embryogenesis of bilaterian animals. The DNA binding homeodomains have been shown to confer specificity to the different Hox paralogs, while being very similar in sequence and structure. Our results underline earlier findings about the importance of the N-terminal arm and linker region of Hox homeodomains, the cofactor Exd, as well as DNA shape, for specificity. A comparison of predicted DNA shapes based on sequence alone with the shapes observed for different DNA target sequences in four crystal structures when in complex with the Drosophila Hox protein AbdB and the cofactor Exd, shows that a combined ”induced fit”/”conformational selection” mechanism is the most likely mechanism by which Hox homeodomains recognize DNA shape and achieve specificity. The minor groove widths for all sequences is close to identical for all ternary complexes found in the different crystal structures, whereas predicted shapes vary between the different DNA sequences. The sequences that have shown higher affinity to AbdB in vitro have a predicted DNA shape that matches the observed DNA shape in the ternary complexes more closely than the sequences that show low in vitro affinity to AbdB. This strongly suggests that the AbdB-Exd complex selects DNA sequences with a higher propensity to adopt the final shape in their unbound form, leading to higher affinity. An additional AbdB monomer binding site with a strongly preformed binding competent shape is observed for one of the oligomers in the reverse complement strand of one of the canonical (weak) Hox-Exd complex binding site. The shape preference seems strong enough for AbdB monomer binding to compete with AbdB-Exd dimer binding to that same oligomer, suggested by the presence of both binding modes in the same crystal. The monomer binding site is essentially able to compete with the dimer binding site, even though binding with the cofactor is not possible, because its shape is very close to the ideal shape. A comparison of different crystal structures solved herein and in the literature as well as a set of molecular dynamics simulations was performed and led to insights about the importance of residues in the Hox N-terminal arm for the preference of certain Hox paralogs to certain DNA shapes. Taken together all these insights contribute to our understanding of Hox specificity in particular as well as protein-DNA interactions in general

Dynamiques multi-échelles de l'ADN-B

The study of B-DNA intrinsic dynamics enables to characterize the conformational landscape explored by this macromolecule. Indeed, binding of DNA to proteins is modulated by subtle sequence-dependent variations inherent to the dynamics of free DNA, which facilitate or disfavor the structural fit with cognate partners.In this thesis, the DNA dynamics was investigated at two time-scales, on the basis of the Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) study of four dodecamers. First, we examined the fast dynamics (pico-nanosecond) of phosphate linkages. We confirmed that the dinucleotide sequence modulates the backbone dynamics, an effect that can be quantified and predicted. Then, our experimental data enabled to establish that phosphorus chemical shifts, internucleotide distances and residual dipolar couplings constants are closely correlated. The translation of the NMR observables in terms of phosphate conformations, helicoidal parameters and minor groove dimension, allowed the structural interpretation of the couplings and led to the first coherent description of the intrinsic DNA mechanics in solution. Owing our knowledge of the effect of the sequence on the backbone behavior, it is now possible to understand how the DNA shape and the associated conformational landscape are modulated at the dinucleotide level. Finally, the performance of molecular dynamics (MD) simulations with the recent force-fields Parmbsc0εζOLI and CHARMM36 was tested extensively against our NMR data. We found impressive progress towards a realistic representation of DNA, despite residual shortcomings. This advance allowed to reveal new aspects of the DNA dynamics, which cannot be assessed from experiments.The second part of this thesis focused on slow motions in B-DNA, which are still largely under-investigated. Using and developing sophisticated relaxation-dispersion NMR experiments, we demonstrated the existence of a new conformational exchange at the millisecond time-scale, which seems to only occur in a particular type of sequence, A:T rich. Thus, in addition to the familiar structural patterns that are the signature of the B double helix, some short DNA regions, likely specific, are able to explore another conformational state, weakly populated, whose detailed structure still needs to be characterized.Overall, these results provide original insights on the DNA dynamic repertoire, sequence-dependent, and open the way towards a better understanding of the mechanisms underlying the formation of DNA-protein complexes.L'étude de la dynamique intrinsèque de l'ADN-B permet de caractériser l'espace conformationnel exploré par cette macromolécule. Cette dynamique, qui dépend de la séquence, est un facteur clé dans les mécanismes d'interaction avec les protéines, l'ADN étant plus ou moins prédisposé à s'adapter à son partenaire. Lors de cette thèse, nous avons sondé la dynamique de l'ADN à deux échelles de temps, en nous basant sur l'étude de quatre dodécamères par Résonance Magnétique Nucléaire (RMN). Nous nous sommes d'abord intéressés à la dynamique des groupements phosphates, qui correspondent à des mouvements rapides (picoseconde-nanoseconde). Nous avons ainsi confirmé l'effet de la séquence dinucléotidique sur cette dynamique, qui peut être prédit et quantifié. Nous avons également mis en lumière pour la première fois l'étroite inter-dépendance qui existe entre déplacements chimiques du phosphore, distances internucléotides et constantes de couplage dipolaire résiduel. L'interprétation de ces observables RMN en termes de conformations des phosphates, de paramètres hélicoïdaux et de taille des sillons, montre qu'en fait ces couplages reflètent la mécanique intrinsèque de l'ADN en solution. En interfaçant ces résultats avec l'effet de séquence observé sur la dynamique des phosphates, il est aussi possible de saisir de quelle façon la conformation moyenne de la double hélice et l'espace conformationnel associé sont modulés par la séquence au niveau dinucléotidique. Enfin, des dynamiques moléculaires réalisées avec les très récents champs de force CHARMM36 et Parmbsc0ezOLI, confrontées aux données expérimentales, ont permis d'apprécier le réalisme croissant des ADN simulés et ont aidé à préciser des éléments de la dynamique qui échappent à l'expérience. Le deuxième volet de cette thèse a porté sur les mouvements de l'ADN se produisant à l'échelle de la milliseconde, encore très peu étudiés. Nous avons mis au point des expériences de dispersion-relaxation qui ont apporté la preuve de l’existence d’un échange conformationnel d'un type totalement nouveau. Cet échange ne semble apparaitre que sur un type particulier de séquence, riche en A:T. Certaines régions de l’ADN, probablement spécifiques, peuvent ainsi localement évoluer vers une forme très faiblement peuplée, dont la structure détaillée reste à caractériser. L'ensemble de ces résultats offre un panorama des capacités dynamiques de l'ADN, dépendantes de la séquence, et ouvre ainsi de nombreuses perspectives vers une meilleure compréhension des mécanismes qui guident la formation des complexes ADN-protéines

Structural aspects of dynamic and DNA recognition of HPV-16 E2C protein

L’infezione da Papillomavirus Umano (HPV) è una delle maggiori cause eziologiche del tumore al collo dell'utero e rappresenta un grave problema di salute per le donne in tutto il mondo. La pur sperimentazione di vaccini non ha alcun effetto nel corso di infezione e il sia pur grande sforzo nella profilassi è controbilanciato dalla mancanza di accessibilità per la maggior parte della popolazione. Alla luce di queste considerazioni, non vi è la necessità di sviluppare farmaci antivirali specifici per prevenire le infezioni da HPV. Il mio lavoro di dottorato è stato incentrato sulla aspetti strutturali e funzionali del domonio C-terminale della proteina E2 del ceppo ad alto rischio HPV16 . (E2C) E2C è l'unico fattore di trascrizione codificati dal genoma virale e svolge un ruolo centrale nel controllare l'espressione di tutti i geni virale espressi nel ciclo vitale dell’HPVThe Human Papillomavirus (HPV) infection is linked to cervical cancer and represents a serious problem for women health worldwide .The existence of effective vaccines will not affect the course of infection , in particular those in developing countries and the tremendous prophylactic effect of the vaccine is counterbalanced by the lack of accessibility to most of the population. In view of these considerations, there is a need to develop specific antiviral drugs to prevent HPV infections. My PhD work was focused on the particular properties and structure-functional aspects of the E2 HPV16 DNA binding domain (E2C) E2C is the only transcription factor encoded by the viral genome and plays a central role in controlling the expression of all Papilomavirus genes and in regulating the virus life cycl

Structural and RNA binding studies of Hrp48 – a regulator of translation in female Drosophila dosage compensation

Post-transcriptional gene control is essential in gene expression, and one major step is the regulation of translation, controlling functions in a plethora of biological processes. A well-studied example of translation regulation is the repression of msl-2 mRNA translation, a crucial step in the regulation of X-chromosome dosage compensation in females of Drosophila melanogaster. The repression is coordinated by the protein Sex-lethal (Sxl), which binds to both untranslated regions (UTRs) of the msl-2 mRNA. At the 3’ UTR Sxl recruits further RNA binding proteins, Unr and Hrp48 to form a ribonucleoprotein (RNP) complex which targets an early translation initiation step. Hrp48 directly interacts with the eIF3d subunit of the 43S preinitiation complex, but the detailed molecular role of Hrp48 during translational repression and its interaction with msl-2 is not well understood. Hrp48 consists of two N-terminal RNA recognition motifs (RRM) and in this work I solved the crystal structure of RRM1 at 1.2 Å resolution and validated the structure prediction model of RRM2 by NMR spectroscopy. In order to identify the RNA interaction site and binding affinities of Hrp48, I utilized NMR spectroscopy titrations as the differences in affinities were not resolved by isothermal titration calorimetry. The two RRM domains of Hrp48 bind the RNA simultaneously and synergistically forming a 1:1 complex in solution. Based on NMR relaxation and RDC experiments, the complex behaves very dynamically and the two RRMs remain flexible with respect to each other upon RNA- binding, suggesting a binding mode unusual for tandem-RRMs. The identified RNA-binding sites were corroborated by cellular assays performed by our collaborator. Studies directed to the understanding of the complex formation between Hrp48, Unr, Sxl and msl-2 suggest no interaction of the proteins in the absence of RNA, however the three proteins bind msl-2 simultaneously. I established a protocol to reproducibly form the quaternary complex of Sxl, Unr, Hrp48 and msl-2. It has been shown previously, that Sxl and Unr synergistically bind msl-2. My data shows that the incorporation of Hrp48 to the RNP complex occurs in a non-cooperative fashion

Synthetic and Computational Studies on Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon Derivatives, Nucleoside Analogs and Peptides

In recent years, the understanding of the structure and functions of biological macromolecules has advanced rapidly, the result of which is a better mechanistic understanding of many biological processes. As an outgrowth of this understanding, organic molecules that react with biological macromolecules (DNA) or adopt conformations responsible for specific functions in biological macromolecules (peptides and proteins) have been synthesized and computational modeling studies performed. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and β-peptides are among synthetic organic compounds known to interact with natural biological macromolecules. This interaction may affect the specific biological functions of the biomacromolecules. A variety of synthetic methodologies have been employed in the synthesis of benzo[c]phenanthrene derivatives, single electron oxidation nucleoside adducts and deoxynucleoside derivatives (Part 1). In Part 2 heterogeneous backbone oligomers containing the β-amino acid, trans-2-aminocyclohexanecarboxylic acid (ACHC), and α-amino acids Ala, Phe, Val, Lys, and Tyr in an alternating sequence have been synthesized. Computational modeling studies have been applied in studying the diastereoselectivity of reaction intermediates in the PAH syntheses (Part 1), the interaction between the organic compounds and biomacromolecules (β-peptides with proteins Fos and Jun, Part 2), and the conformational preference (conformations of α/β-peptides, Part 2). Computational modeling based on molecular and quantum mechanical techniques were applied to complement the syntheses in Parts 1 and 2

Molecular simulations of conformational transitions in biomolecules using a novel computational tool

The function of biological macromolecules is inherently linked to their complex conformational behaviour. As a consequence, the corresponding potential energy landscape encompasses multiple minima. Some of the intermediate structures between the initial and final states can be characterized by experimental techniques. Computer simulations can explore the dynamics of individual states and bring these together to rationalize the overall process. A novel method based on atomistic structure-based potentials in combination with the empirical valence bond theory (EVB-SBP) has been developed and implemented in the Amber package. The method has been successfully applied to explore various biological processes. The first application of the EVB-SBP approach involves the study of base flipping in B-DNA. The use of simple structurebased potentials are shown to reproduce structural ensembles of stable states obtained by using more accurate force field simulations. Umbrella sampling in conjunction with the energy gap reaction coordinate enables the study of alternative molecular pathways efficiently. The main application of the method is the study of the switching mechanism in a short bistable RNA. Molecular pathways, which connect the two stable states, have been elucidated, with particular interest to the characterisation of the transition state ensemble. In addition, NMR experiments have been performed to support the theoretical findings. Finally, a recent study of large-scale conformational transitions in protein kinases shows the general applicability of the method to different biomolecules

The Double Helix in Motion: New Insights into Sequence-specific, Functional DNA Dynamics Using NMR Spectroscopy

DNA is a highly flexible molecule that undergoes a variety of structural transitions in response to cellular cues. Sequence-directed variations in the canonical double helix structure that retain Watson-Crick base-pairing play important roles in DNA recognition, topology, and nucleosome positioning. Here, we use NMR relaxation methods to study sequence-directed dynamics occurring at picosecond to millisecond timescales in variable size DNA duplexes. Traditionally, atomic-level spin relaxation studies of DNA dynamics have been limited to short duplexes, in which sensitivity to biologically relevant nanosecond fluctuations is often inadequate. We introduce a method for preparing residue-specific 13C/15N-labeled elongated DNA along with a strategy for establishing resonance assignments and apply it towards probing fast inter-helical bending motions induced by an adenine tract. Our results suggest the presence of elevated A-tract independent end-fraying and/or bending internal nanosecond motions, which evade detection in short constructs and that penetrate deep within the helix and gradually fade away towards its interior. By studying picosecond-nanosecond dynamics in short DNA dodecamers with variable length A-tracts, we discover that A-tracts are relatively rigid and can modulate the flexibility of their junctions in a length-dependent manner. We identify the presence of large-amplitude deoxyribose internal motions in CA/TG and CG steps placed in different sequences that likely represent rapid sugar repuckering. Moreover, by using NMR relaxation dispersion in concert with steered molecular dynamics simulations, we observe transient sequence-specific excursions away from Watson-Crick base-pairing at CA/TG and TA steps inside DNA dodecamers towards low-populated and short-lived A•T and G•C Hoogsteen base pairs. We show that their populations and lifetimes can be modulated by environmental factors like acidity, monovalent and divalent ions as well as intrinsic sequence and chemical modifications. The observation of Hoogsteen base pairs in duplexes specifically bound to transcription factors and in damaged sites implies that the DNA double helix intrinsically codes for excited state Hoogsteen base pairs as a means of expanding its structural complexity beyond Watson-Crick base-pairing. The methods presented here provide a new route for characterizing transient nucleic acid structures, which we predict will be abundant in the genome and constitute a second transient layer of the genetic code.Ph.D.Chemical BiologyUniversity of Michigan, Horace H. Rackham School of Graduate Studieshttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/89648/1/nikolove_1.pd