45 research outputs found

    Soil moisture-runoff relation at the catchment scale as observed with coarse resolution microwave remote sensing

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    International audienceMicrowave remote sensing offers emerging capabilities to monitor global hydrological processes. Instruments like the two dedicated soil moisture missions SMOS and HYDROS or the Advanced Scatterometer onboard METOP will provide a flow of coarse resolution microwave data, suited for macro-scale applications. Only recently, the scatterometer onboard of the European Remote Sensing Satellite, which is the precursor instrument of the Advanced Scatterometer, has been used successfully to derive soil moisture information at global scale with a spatial resolution of 50 km. Concepts of how to integrate macro-scale soil moisture data in hydrologic models are however still vague. In fact, the coarse resolution of the data provided by microwave radiometers and scatterometers is often considered to impede hydrological applications. Nevertheless, even if most hydrologic models are run at much finer scales, radiometers and scatterometers allow monitoring of atmosphere-induced changes in regional soil moisture patterns. This may prove to be valuable information for modelling hydrological processes in large river basins (>10 000 km2. In this paper, ERS scatterometer derived soil moisture products are compared to measured runoff of the Zambezi River in south-eastern Africa for several years (1992?2000). This comparison serves as one of the first demonstrations that there is hydrologic relevant information in coarse resolution satellite data. The observed high correlations between basin-averaged soil moisture and runoff time series (R2>0.85) demonstrate that the seasonal change from low runoff during the dry season to high runoff during the wet season is well captured by the ERS scatterometer. It can be expected that the high correlations are to a certain degree predetermined by the pronounced inter-annual cycle observed in the discharge behaviour of the Zambezi. To quantify this effect, time series of anomalies have been compared. This analysis showed that differences in runoff from year to year could, to some extent, be explained by soil moisture anomalies

    Improving root zone soil moisture estimation from surface remote sensing measurements

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    Satellite soil moisture provides a wider range of spatial data than in-situ observations. Satellites are sensitive to measuring soil moisture in a few centimetres of the soil layer. However, root zone soil moisture is more important, especially in vegetated areas. Therefore, it is necessary to invert the near-surface soil moisture collected by satellite missions to estimate root zone soil moisture. This study quantified the association between near-surface and root zone soil moisture using in-situ data from the REMEDHUS network in Spain and Soil Moisture Ocean Salinity (SMOS) mission from 2014-2018, comparing SMOS with in-situ observations based on an exponential filter approach, optimizing an optimal characteristic time length (Topt) by computing the correlation coefficients (R) of the filtered satellite time series with in-situ time series. The results show that the exponential filter's main factor T is sensitive to soil moisture and varies depending on the climate. When using this method to infer root zone soil moisture, the eight stations' average R-value reached 0.71, meeting the "Strong correlation" standard. The root zone soil moisture obtained by SMOS surface inversion is compared with in situ soil moisture. The mean R-value of soil moisture in the root zone based on SMOS is 0.58, which is approximate to the "baseline error (0.6)" -- the accuracy of the surface soil moisture estimated by SMOS. However, attention should be paid to the effects of soil moisture season and soil texture on the experimental results

    Assimilation de données satellitaires pour le suivi des ressources en eau dans la zone Euro-Méditerranée

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    Une estimation plus prĂ©cise de l'Ă©tat des variables des surfaces terrestres est requise afin d'amĂ©liorer notre capacitĂ© Ă  comprendre, suivre et prĂ©voir le cycle hydrologique terrestre dans diverses rĂ©gions du monde. En particulier, les zones mĂ©diterranĂ©ennes sont souvent caractĂ©risĂ©es par un dĂ©ficit en eau du sol affectant la croissance de la vĂ©gĂ©tation. Les derniĂšres simulations du GIEC (Groupe d'Experts Intergouvernemental sur l'Evolution du Climat) indiquent qu'une augmentation de la frĂ©quence des sĂ©cheresses et des vagues de chaleur dans la rĂ©gion Euro-MĂ©diterranĂ©e est probable. Il est donc crucial d'amĂ©liorer les outils et l'utilisation des observations permettant de caractĂ©riser la dynamique des processus des surfaces terrestres de cette rĂ©gion. Les modĂšles des surfaces terrestres ou LSMs (Land Surface Models) ont Ă©tĂ© dĂ©veloppĂ©s dans le but de reprĂ©senter ces processus Ă  diverses Ă©chelles spatiales. Ils sont habituellement forçés par des donnĂ©es horaires de variables atmosphĂ©riques en point de grille, telles que la tempĂ©rature et l'humiditĂ© de l'air, le rayonnement solaire et les prĂ©cipitations. Alors que les LSMs sont des outils efficaces pour suivre de façon continue les conditions de surface, ils prĂ©sentent encore des dĂ©fauts provoquĂ©s par les erreurs dans les donnĂ©es de forçages, dans les valeurs des paramĂštres du modĂšle, par l'absence de reprĂ©sentation de certains processus, et par la mauvaise reprĂ©sentation des processus dans certaines rĂ©gions et certaines saisons. Il est aussi possible de suivre les conditions de surface depuis l'espace et la modĂ©lisation des variables des surfaces terrestres peut ĂȘtre amĂ©liorĂ©e grĂące Ă  l'intĂ©gration dynamique de ces observations dans les LSMs. La tĂ©lĂ©dĂ©tection spatiale micro-ondes Ă  basse frĂ©quence est particuliĂšrement utile dans le contexte du suivi de ces variables Ă  l'Ă©chelle globale ou continentale. Elle a l'avantage de pouvoir fournir des observations par tout-temps, de jour comme de nuit. Plusieurs produits utiles pour le suivi de la vĂ©gĂ©tation et du cycle hydrologique sont dĂ©jĂ  disponibles. Ils sont issus de radars en bande C tels que ASCAT (Advanced Scatterometer) ou Sentinel-1. L'assimilation de ces donnĂ©es dans un LSM permet leur intĂ©gration de façon cohĂ©rente avec la reprĂ©sentation des processus. Les rĂ©sultats obtenus Ă  partir de l'intĂ©gration de donnĂ©es satellitaires fournissent une estimation de l'Ă©tat des variables des surfaces terrestres qui sont gĂ©nĂ©ralement de meilleure qualitĂ© que les simulations sans assimilation de donnĂ©es et que les donnĂ©es satellitaires elles-mĂȘmes. L'objectif principal de ce travail de thĂšse a Ă©tĂ© d'amĂ©liorer la reprĂ©sentation des variables des surfaces terrestres reliĂ©es aux cycles de l'eau et du carbone dans le modĂšle ISBA grĂące Ă  l'assimilation d'observations de rĂ©trodiffusion radar (sigma°) provenant de l'instrument ASCAT. Un opĂ©rateur d'observation capable de reprĂ©senter les sigma° ASCAT Ă  partir de variables simulĂ©es par le modĂšle ISBA a Ă©tĂ© dĂ©veloppĂ©. Une version du WCM (water cloud model) a Ă©tĂ© mise en Ɠuvre avec succĂšs sur la zone Euro-MĂ©diterranĂ©e. Les valeurs simulĂ©es ont Ă©tĂ© comparĂ©es avec les observations satellitaires. Une quantification plus dĂ©taillĂ©e de l'impact de divers facteurs sur le signal a Ă©tĂ© faite sur le sud-ouest de la France. L'Ă©tude de l'impact de la tempĂȘte Klaus sur la forĂȘt des Landes a montrĂ© que le WCM est capable de reprĂ©senter un changement brutal de biomasse de la vĂ©gĂ©tation. Le WCM est peu efficace sur les zones karstiques et sur les surfaces agricoles produisant du blĂ©. Dans ce dernier cas, le problĂšme semble provenir d'un dĂ©calage temporel entre l'Ă©paisseur optique micro-ondes de la vĂ©gĂ©tation et l'indice de surface foliaire de la vĂ©gĂ©tation. Enfin, l'assimilation directe des sigma° ASCAT a Ă©tĂ© Ă©valuĂ©e sur le sud-ouest de la France.More accurate estimates of land surface conditions are important for enhancing our ability to understand, monitor, and predict key variables of the terrestrial water cycle in various parts of the globe. In particular, the Mediterranean area is frequently characterized by a marked impact of the soil water deficit on vegetation growth. The latest IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) simulations indicate that occurrence of droughts and warm spells in the Euro-Mediterranean region are likely to increase. It is therefore crucial to improve the ways of understanding, observing and simulating the dynamics of the land surface processes in the Euro-Mediterranean region. Land surface models (LSMs) have been developed for the purpose of representing the land surface processes at various spatial scales. They are usually forced by hourly gridded atmospheric variables such as air temperature, air humidity, solar radiation, precipitation, and are used to simulate land surface states and fluxes. While LSMs can provide a continuous monitoring of land surface conditions, they still show discrepancies due to forcing and parameter errors, missing processes and inadequate model physics for particular areas or seasons. It is also possible to observe the land surface conditions from space. The modelling of land surface variables can be improved through the dynamical integration of these observations into LSMs. Remote sensing observations are particularly useful in this context because they are able to address global and continental scales. Low frequency microwave remote sensing has advantages because it can provide regular observations in all-weather conditions and at either daytime or night-time. A number of satellite-derived products relevant to the hydrological and vegetation cycles are already available from C-band radars such as the Advanced Scatterometer (ASCAT) or Sentinel-1. Assimilating these data into LSMs permits their integration in the process representation in a consistent way. The results obtained from assimilating satellites products provide land surface variables estimates that are generally superior to the model estimates or satellite observations alone. The main objective of this thesis was to improve the representation of land surface variables linked to the terrestrial water and carbon cycles in the ISBA LSM through the assimilation of ASCAT backscatter (sigma°) observations. An observation operator capable of representing the ASCAT sigma° from the ISBA simulated variables was developed. A version of the water cloud model (WCM) was successfully implemented over the Euro-Mediterranean area. The simulated values were compared with those observed from space. A more detailed quantification of the influence of various factors on the signal was made over southwestern France. Focusing on the Klaus storm event in the Landes forest, it was shown that the WCM was able to represent abrupt changes in vegetation biomass. It was also found that the WCM had shortcomings over karstic areas and over wheat croplands. It was shown that the latter was related to a discrepancy between the seasonal cycle of microwave vegetation optical depth (VOD) and leaf area index (LAI). Finally, the direct assimilation of ASCAT sigma° observations was assessed over southwestern France

    EPS/Metop-SG Scatterometer Mission Science Plan

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    89 pages, figures, tablesThis Science Plan describes the heritage, background, processing and control of C-band scatterometer data and its remaining exploitation challenges in view of SCA on EPS/MetOp-SGPeer reviewe

    Désagrégation de l'humidité du sol issue des produits satellitaires micro-ondes passives et exploration de son utilisation pour l'amélioration de la modélisation et la prévision hydrologique

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    De plus en plus de produits satellitaires en micro-ondes passives sont disponibles. Cependant, leur large rĂ©solution spatiale (25-50 km) n’en font pas un outil adĂ©quat pour des applications hydrologiques Ă  une Ă©chelle locale telles que la modĂ©lisation et la prĂ©vision hydrologiques. Dans de nombreuses Ă©tudes, une dĂ©sagrĂ©gation d’échelle de l’humiditĂ© du sol des produits satellites micro-ondes est faite puis validĂ©e avec des mesures in-situ. Toutefois, l’utilisation de ces donnĂ©es issues d’une dĂ©sagrĂ©gation d’échelle n’a pas encore Ă©tĂ© pleinement Ă©tudiĂ©e pour des applications en hydrologie. Ainsi, l’objectif de cette thĂšse est de proposer une mĂ©thode de dĂ©sagrĂ©gation d’échelle de l’humiditĂ© du sol issue de donnĂ©es satellitaires en micro-ondes passives (Satellite Passive Microwave Active and Passive - SMAP) Ă  diffĂ©rentes rĂ©solutions spatiales afin d’évaluer leur apport sur l’amĂ©lioration potentielle des modĂ©lisations et prĂ©visions hydrologiques. À partir d’un modĂšle de forĂȘt alĂ©atoire, une dĂ©sagrĂ©gation d’échelle de l’humiditĂ© du sol de SMAP l’amĂšne de 36-km de rĂ©solution initialement Ă  des produits finaux Ă  9-, 3- et 1-km de rĂ©solution. Les prĂ©dicteurs utilisĂ©s sont Ă  haute rĂ©solution spatiale et de sources diffĂ©rentes telles que Sentinel-1A, MODIS et SRTM. L'humiditĂ© du sol issue de cette dĂ©sagrĂ©gation d’échelle est ensuite assimilĂ©e dans un modĂšle hydrologique distribuĂ© Ă  base physique pour tenter d’amĂ©liorer les sorties de dĂ©bit. Ces expĂ©riences sont menĂ©es sur les bassins versants des riviĂšres Susquehanna (de grande taille) et Upper-Susquehanna (en comparaison de petite taille), tous deux situĂ©s aux États-Unis. De plus, le modĂšle assimile aussi des donnĂ©es d’humiditĂ© du sol en profondeur issue d’une extrapolation verticale des donnĂ©es SMAP. Par ailleurs, les donnĂ©es d’humiditĂ© du sol SMAP et les mesures in-situ sont combinĂ©es par la technique de fusion conditionnelle. Ce produit de fusion SMAP/in-situ est assimilĂ© dans le modĂšle hydrologique pour tenter d’amĂ©liorer la prĂ©vision hydrologique sur le bassin versant Au Saumon situĂ© au QuĂ©bec. Les rĂ©sultats montrent que l'utilisation de l’humiditĂ© du sol Ă  fine rĂ©solution spatiale issue de la dĂ©sagrĂ©gation d’échelle amĂ©liore la reprĂ©sentation de la variabilitĂ© spatiale de l’humiditĂ© du sol. En effet, le produit Ă  1- km de rĂ©solution fournit plus de dĂ©tails que les produits Ă  3- et 9-km ou que le produit SMAP de base Ă  36-km de rĂ©solution. De mĂȘme, l’utilisation du produit de fusion SMAP/ in-situ amĂ©liore la qualitĂ© et la reprĂ©sentation spatiale de l’humiditĂ© du sol. Sur le bassin versant Susquehanna, la modĂ©lisation hydrologique s’amĂ©liore avec l’assimilation du produit de dĂ©sagrĂ©gation d’échelle Ă  9-km, sans avoir recours Ă  des rĂ©solutions plus fines. En revanche, sur le bassin versant Upper-Susquehanna, c’est le produit avec la rĂ©solution spatiale la plus fine Ă  1- km qui offre les meilleurs rĂ©sultats de modĂ©lisation hydrologique. L’assimilation de l’humiditĂ© du sol en profondeur issue de l’extrapolation verticale des donnĂ©es SMAP n’amĂ©liore que peu la qualitĂ© du modĂšle hydrologique. Par contre, l’assimilation du produit de fusion SMAP/in-situ sur le bassin versant Au Saumon amĂ©liore la qualitĂ© de la prĂ©vision du dĂ©bit, mĂȘme si celle-ci n’est pas trĂšs significative.Abstract: The availability of satellite passive microwave soil moisture is increasing, yet its spatial resolution (i.e., 25-50 km) is too coarse to use for local scale hydrological applications such as streamflow simulation and forecasting. Many studies have attempted to downscale satellite passive microwave soil moisture products for their validation with in-situ soil moisture measurements. However, their use for hydrological applications has not yet been fully explored. Thus, the objective of this thesis is to downscale the satellite passive microwave soil moisture (i.e., Satellite Microwave Active and Passive - SMAP) to a range of spatial resolutions and explore its value in improving streamflow simulation and forecasting. The random forest machine learning technique was used to downscale the SMAP soil moisture from 36-km to 9-, 3- and 1-km spatial resolutions. A combination of host of high-resolution predictors derived from different sources including Sentinel-1A, MODIS and SRTM were used for downscaling. The downscaled SMAP soil moisture was then assimilated into a physically-based distributed hydrological model for improving streamflow simulation for Susquehanna (larger in size) and Upper Susquehanna (relatively smaller in size) watersheds, located in the United States. In addition, the vertically extrapolated SMAP soil moisture was assimilated into the model. On the other hand, the SMAP and in-situ soil moisture were merged using the conditional merging technique and the merged SMAP/in-situ soil moisture was then assimilated into the model to improve streamflow forecast over the au Saumon watershed. The results show that the downscaling improved the spatial variability of soil moisture. Indeed, the 1-km downscaled SMAP soil moisture presented a higher spatial detail of soil moisture than the 3-, 9- or original resolution (36-km) SMAP product. Similarly, the merging of SMAP and in-situ soil moisture improved the accuracy as well as spatial representation soil moisture. Interestingly, the assimilation of the 9-km downscaled SMAP soil moisture significantly improved the accuracy of streamflow simulation for the Susquehanna watershed without the need of going to higher spatial resolution, whereas for the Upper Susquehanna watershed the 1-km downscaled SMAP showed better results than the coarser resolutions. The assimilation of vertically extrapolated SMAP soil moisture only slightly further improved the accuracy of the streamflow simulation. On the other hand, the assimilation of merged SMAP/in-situ soil moisture for the au Saumon watershed improved the accuracy of streamflow forecast, yet the improvement was not that significant. Overall, this study demonstrated the potential of satellite passive microwave soil moisture for streamflow simulation and forecasting

    Earth Observing System. Science and Mission Requirements, Volume 1, Part 1

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    The Earth Observing System (EOS) is a planned NASA program, which will carry the multidisciplinary Earth science studies employing a variety of remote sensing techniques in the 1990's, as a prime mission, using the Space Station polar platform. The scientific rationale, recommended observational needs, the broad system configuration and a recommended implementation strategy to achieve the stated mission goals are provided

    Ground, Proximal, and Satellite Remote Sensing of Soil Moisture

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    Soil moisture (SM) is a key hydrologic state variable that is of significant importance for numerous Earth and environmental science applications that directly impact the global environment and human society. Potential applications include, but are not limited to, forecasting of weather and climate variability; prediction and monitoring of drought conditions; management and allocation of water resources; agricultural plant production and alleviation of famine; prevention of natural disasters such as wild fires, landslides, floods, and dust storms; or monitoring of ecosystem response to climate change. Because of the importance and wide‐ranging applicability of highly variable spatial and temporal SM information that links the water, energy, and carbon cycles, significant efforts and resources have been devoted in recent years to advance SM measurement and monitoring capabilities from the point to the global scales. This review encompasses recent advances and the state‐of‐the‐art of ground, proximal, and novel SM remote sensing techniques at various spatial and temporal scales and identifies critical future research needs and directions to further advance and optimize technology, analysis and retrieval methods, and the application of SM information to improve the understanding of critical zone moisture dynamics. Despite the impressive progress over the last decade, there are still many opportunities and needs to, for example, improve SM retrieval from remotely sensed optical, thermal, and microwave data and opportunities for novel applications of SM information for water resources management, sustainable environmental development, and food security

    Remotely sensed soil moisture proxies with application to modelling the spatial distribution of Culicoides imicola

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