2,512 research outputs found

    Intercomparison of Downscaling Techniques for Satellite Soil Moisture Products

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    During recent decades, various downscaling methods of satellite soil moisture (SM) products, which incorporate geophysical variables such as land surface temperature and vegetation, have been studied for improving their spatial resolution. Most of these studies have used least squares regression models built from those variables and have demonstrated partial improvement in the downscaled SM. This study introduces a new downscaling method based on support vector regression (SVR) that includes the geophysical variables with locational weighting. Regarding the in situ SM, the SVR downscaling method exhibited a smaller root mean square error, from 0.09 to 0.07m(3).m(-3), and a larger average correlation coefficient increased, from 0.62 to 0.68, compared to the conventional method. In addition, the SM downscaled using the SVR method had a greater statistical resemblance to that of the original advanced scatterometer SM. A residual magnitude analysis for each model with two independent variables was performed, which indicated that only the residuals from the SVR model were not well correlated, suggesting a more effective performance than regression models with a significant contribution of independent variables to residual magnitude. The spatial variations of the downscaled SM products were affected by the seasonal patterns in temperature-vegetation relationships, and the SVR downscaling method showed more consistent performance in terms of seasonal effect. Based on these results, the suggested SVR downscaling method is an effective approach to improve the spatial resolution of satellite SM measurement

    Biomass retrieval based on genetic algorithm feature selection and support vector regression in Alpine grassland using ground-based hyperspectral and Sentinel-1 SAR data

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    A general framework for the integration of multi-sensor data for dry and fresh biomass retrieval is proposed and tested in Alpine meadows and pastures. To this purpose, hyperspectral spectroradiometer (as simulation of hyperspectral imagery) and biomass samples were collected in field campaigns and Copernicus Sentinel-1 Interferometric Wide (IW) swath SAR backscattering coefficients were used. First, a genetic algorithm feature selection was performed on hyperspectral data, and afterwards the resulting most sensitive bands where combined with SAR data within a support vector regression (SVR) model. The most sensitive hyperspectral bands were mainly located in different regions of the SWIR range for both fresh and dry biomass, and in the red and near-infrared regions mainly for dry biomass, but with less influence for fresh biomass. The R (2) correlation values between the sampled and the estimated biomass range from 0.24 to 0.71. The relatively low performances are mainly related to the saturation effect in the optical bands, as well as to the paucity of points for high values of biomass. The methodology allows a better understanding of the interaction between grassland systems and the electromagnetic spectrum by offering a model with a reduced number of narrow bands in the context of a multi-sensor integration

    Assessment of Surface Soil Moisture Using High-Resolution Multi-Spectral Imagery and Artificial Neural Networks

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    Many crop production management decisions can be informed using data from high-resolution aerial images that provide information about crop health as influenced by soil fertility and moisture. Surface soil moisture is a key component of soil water balance, which addresses water and energy exchanges at the surface/atmosphere interface; however, high-resolution remotely sensed data is rarely used to acquire soil moisture values. In this study, an artificial neural network (ANN) model was developed to quantify the effectiveness of using spectral images to estimate surface soil moisture. The model produces acceptable estimations of surface soil moisture (root mean square error (RMSE) = 2.0, mean absolute error (MAE) = 1.8, coefficient of correlation (r) = 0.88, coefficient of performance (e) = 0.75 and coefficient of determination (R2) = 0.77) by combining field measurements with inexpensive and readily available remotely sensed inputs. The spatial data (visual spectrum, near infrared, infrared/thermal) are produced by the AggieAirℱ platform, which includes an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) that enables users to gather aerial imagery at a low price and high spatial and temporal resolutions. This study reports the development of an ANN model that translates AggieAirℱ imagery into estimates of surface soil moisture for a large field irrigated by a center pivot sprinkler system

    Unlocking the benefits of spaceborne imaging spectroscopy for sustainable agriculture

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    With the Environmental Mapping and Analysis Program (EnMAP) mission, launched on April 1st 2022, new opportunities unfold for precision farming and agricultural monitoring. The recurring acquisition of spectrometric imagery from space, contiguously resolving the electromagnetic spectrum in the optical domain (400—2500 nm) within close narrow bands, provides unprecedented data about the interaction of radiation with biophysical and biochemical crop constituents. These interactions manifest in spectral reflectance, carrying important information about crop status and health. This information may be incorporated in agricultural management systems to support necessary efforts to maximize yields against the backdrop of an increased food demand by a growing world population. At the same time, it enables the effective optimization of fertilization and pest control to minimize environmental impacts of agriculture. Deriving biophysical and biochemical crop traits from hyperspectral reflectance thereby always relies on a model. These models are categorized into (1) parametric, (2) nonparametric, (3) physically-based, and (4) hybrid retrieval schemes. Parametric methods define an explicit parameterized expression, relating a number of spectral bands or derivates thereof with a crop trait of interest. Nonparametric methods comprise linear techniques, such as principal component analysis (PCA) which addresses collinearity issues between adjacent bands and enables compression of full spectral information into dimensionality reduced, maximal informative principal components (PCs). Nonparametric nonlinear methods, i.e., machine learning (ML) algorithms apply nonlinear transformations to imaging spectroscopy data and are therefore capable of capturing nonlinear relationships within the contained spectral features. Physically-based methods represent an umbrella term for radiative transfer models (RTMs) and related retrieval schemes, such as look-up-table (LUT) inversion. A simple, easily invertible and specific RTM is the Beer-Lambert law which may be used to directly infer plant water content. The most widely used general and invertible RTM is the one-dimensional canopy RTM PROSAIL, which is coupling the Leaf Optical Properties Spectra model PROSPECT and the canopy reflectance model 4SAIL: Scattering by Arbitrarily Inclined Leaves. Hybrid methods make use of synthetic data sets created by RTMs to calibrate parametric methods or to train nonparametric ML algorithms. Due to the ill-posed nature of RTM inversion, potentially unrealistic and redundant samples in a LUT need to be removed by either implementing physiological constraints or by applying active learning (AL) heuristics. This cumulative thesis presents three different hybrid approaches, demonstrated within three scientific research papers, to derive agricultural relevant crop traits from spectrometric imagery. In paper I the Beer-Lambert law is applied to directly infer the thickness of the optically active water layer (i.e., EWT) from the liquid water absorption feature at 970 nm. The model is calibrated with 50,000 PROSPECT spectra and validated over in situ data. Due to separate water content measurements of leaves, stalks, and fruits during the Munich-North-Isar (MNI) campaigns, findings indicate that depending on the crop type and its structure, different parts of the canopy are observed with optical sensors. For winter wheat, correlation between measured and modelled water content was most promising for ears and leaves, reaching coefficients of determination (R2) up to 0.72 and relative RMSE (rRMSE) of 26%, and in the case of corn for the leaf fraction only (R2 = 0.86, rRMSE = 23%). These results led to the general recommendation to collect destructive area-based plant organ specific EWT measurements instead of the common practice to upscale leaf-based EWT measurements to canopy water content (CWC) by multiplication of the leaf area index (LAI). The developed and calibrated plant water retrieval (PWR) model proved to be transferable in space and time and is ready to be applied to upcoming EnMAP data and any other hyperspectral imagery. In paper II the parametric concept of spectral integral ratios (SIR) is introduced to retrieve leaf chlorophyll a and b content (Cab), leaf carotenoid content (Ccx) and leaf water content (Cw) simultaneously from imaging spectroscopy data in the wavelength range 460—1100 nm. The SIR concept is based on automatic separation of respective absorption features through local peak and intercept analysis between log-transformed reflectance and convex hulls. The approach was validated over a physiologically constrained PROSAIL simulated database, considering natural Ccx-Cab relations and green peak locations. Validation on airborne spectrometric HyMAP data achieved satisfactory results for Cab (R2 = 0.84; RMSE = 9.06 ”g cm-2) and CWC (R2 = 0.70; RMSE = 0.05 cm). Retrieved Ccx values were reasonable according to Cab-Ccx-dependence plausibility analysis. Mapping of the SIR results as multiband images (3-segment SIR) allows for an intuitive visualization of dominant absorptions with respect to the three considered biochemical variables. Hence, the presented SIR algorithm allows for computationally efficient and RTM supported robust retrievals of the two most important vegetation pigments as well as of water content and is applicable on satellite imaging spectroscopy data. In paper III a hybrid workflow is presented, combining RTM with ML for inferring crop carbon content (Carea) and aboveground dry and fresh biomass (AGBdry, AGBfresh). The concept involves the establishment of a PROSAIL training database, dimensionality reduction using PCA, optimization in the sampling domain using AL against the 4-year MNI campaign dataset, and training of Gaussian process regression (GPR) ML algorithms. Internal validation of the GPR-Carea and GPR-AGB models achieved R2 of 0.80 for Carea, and R2 of 0.80 and 0.71 for AGBdry and AGBfresh, respectively. Validation with an independent dataset, comprising airborne AVIRIS NG imagery (spectrally resampled to EnMAP) and in situ measurements, successfully demonstrated mapping capabilities for both bare and green fields and generated reliable estimates over winter wheat fields at low associated model uncertainties (< 40%). Overall, the proposed carbon and biomass models demonstrate a promising path toward the inference of these crucial variables over cultivated areas from upcoming spaceborne hyperspectral acquisitions, such as from EnMAP. As conclusions, the following important findings arise regarding parametric and nonparametric hybrid methods as well as in view of the importance of in situ data collection. (1) Uncertainties within the RTM PROSAIL should always be considered. A possible reduction of these uncertainties is thereby opposed to the invertibility of the model and its intended simplicity. (2) Both physiological constraints and AL heuristics should be applied to reduce unrealistic parameter combinations in a PROSAIL calibration or training database. (3) State-of-the-art hybrid ML approaches with the ability to provide uncertainty intervals are anticipated as most promising approach for solving inference problems from hyperspectral Earth observation data due to their synergistic use of RTMs and the high flexibility, accuracy and consistency of nonlinear nonparametric methods. (4) Parametric hybrid approaches, due to their algorithmic transparency, enable deeper insights into fundamental physical limitations of optical remote sensing as compared to ML approaches. (5) Integration-based indices that make full use of available hyperspectral information may serve as physics-aware dimensionality reduced input for ML algorithms to either improve estimations or to serve as endmember for crop type discrimination when additional time series information is available. (6) The validation of quantitative model-based estimations is crucial to evaluate and improve their performance in terms of the underlying assumptions, model parameterizations, and input data. (7) In the face of soon-to-be-available EnMAP data, collection of in situ data for validation of retrieval methods should aim at high variability of measured crop types, high temporal variability over the whole growing season, as well as include area- and biomass-based destructive measurements instead of LAI-upscaled leaf measurements. Provided the perfect functionality of the payload instruments, the success of the EnMAP mission and the here presented methods depend critically on a low-noise, accurate atmospherically corrected reflectance product. High-level outputs of the retrieval methods presented in this thesis may be incorporated into agricultural decision support systems for fertilization and irrigation planning, yield estimation, or estimation of the soil carbon sequestration potential to enable a sustainable intensive agriculture in the future.Mit der am 1. April 2022 gestarteten Satellitenmission Environmental Mapping and Analysis Program (EnMAP) eröffnen sich neue Möglichkeiten fĂŒr die PrĂ€zisionslandwirtschaft und das landwirtschaftliche Monitoring. Die wiederkehrende Erfassung spektrometrischer Bilder aus dem Weltraum, welche das elektromagnetische Spektrum im optischen Bereich (400—2500 nm) innerhalb von engen, schmalen BĂ€ndern zusammenhĂ€ngend auflösen, liefert nie dagewesene Daten ĂŒber die Interaktionen von Strahlung und biophysikalischen und biochemischen Pflanzenbestandteilen. Diese Wechselwirkungen manifestieren sich in der spektralen Reflektanz, die wichtige Informationen ĂŒber den Zustand und die Gesundheit der Pflanzen enthĂ€lt. Vor dem Hintergrund einer steigenden Nachfrage nach Nahrungsmitteln durch eine wachsende Weltbevölkerung können diese Informationen in landwirtschaftliche Managementsysteme einfließen, um eine notwendige Ertragsmaximierung zu unterstĂŒtzen. Gleichzeitig können sie eine effiziente Optimierung der DĂŒngung und SchĂ€dlingsbekĂ€mpfung ermöglichen, um die Umweltauswirkungen der Landwirtschaft zu minimieren. Die Ableitung biophysikalischer und biochemischer Pflanzeneigenschaften aus hyperspektralen Reflektanzdaten ist dabei immer von einem Modell abhĂ€ngig. Diese Modelle werden in (1) parametrische, (2) nichtparametrische, (3) physikalisch basierte und (4) hybride Ableitungsmethoden kategorisiert. Parametrische Methoden definieren einen expliziten parametrisierten Ausdruck, der eine Reihe von SpektralkanĂ€len oder deren Ableitungen mit einem Pflanzenmerkmal von Interesse in Beziehung setzt. Nichtparametrische Methoden umfassen lineare Techniken wie die Hauptkomponentenanalyse (PCA). Diese adressieren KollinearitĂ€tsprobleme zwischen benachbarten KanĂ€len und komprimieren die gesamte Spektralinformation in dimensionsreduzierte, maximal informative Hauptkomponenten (PCs). Nichtparametrische nichtlineare Methoden, d. h. Algorithmen des maschinellen Lernens (ML), wenden nichtlineare Transformationen auf bildgebende Spektroskopiedaten an und sind daher in der Lage, nichtlineare Beziehungen innerhalb der enthaltenen spektralen Merkmale zu erfassen. Physikalisch basierte Methoden sind ein Oberbegriff fĂŒr Strahlungstransfermodelle (RTM) und damit verbundene Ableitungsschemata, d. h. Invertierungsverfahren wie z. B. die Invertierung mittels Look-up-Table (LUT). Ein einfaches, leicht invertierbares und spezifisches RTM stellt das Lambert-Beer'sche Gesetz dar, das zur direkten Ableitung des Wassergehalts von Pflanzen verwendet werden kann. Das am weitesten verbreitete, allgemeine und invertierbare RTM ist das eindimensionale Bestandsmodell PROSAIL, eine Kopplung des Blattmodells Leaf Optical Properties Spectra (PROSPECT) mit dem Bestandsreflexionsmodell 4SAIL (Scattering by Arbitrarily Inclined Leaves). Bei hybriden Methoden werden von RTMs generierte, synthetische Datenbanken entweder zur Kalibrierung parametrischer Methoden oder zum Training nichtparametrischer ML-Algorithmen verwendet. Aufgrund der ÄquifinalitĂ€tsproblematik bei der RTM-Invertierung, mĂŒssen potenziell unrealistische und redundante Simulationen in einer solchen Datenbank durch die Implementierung natĂŒrlicher physiologischer BeschrĂ€nkungen oder durch die Anwendung von Active Learning (AL) Heuristiken entfernt werden. In dieser kumulativen Dissertation werden drei verschiedene hybride AnsĂ€tze zur Ableitung landwirtschaftlich relevanter Pflanzenmerkmale aus spektrometrischen Bilddaten vorgestellt, die anhand von drei wissenschaftlichen Publikationen demonstriert werden. In Paper I wird das Lambert-Beer'sche Gesetz angewandt, um die Dicke der optisch aktiven Wasserschicht (bzw. EWT) direkt aus dem Absorptionsmerkmal von flĂŒssigem Wasser bei 970 nm abzuleiten. Das Modell wird mit 50.000 PROSPECT-Spektren kalibriert und anhand von In-situ-Daten validiert. Aufgrund separater Messungen des Wassergehalts von BlĂ€ttern, StĂ€ngeln und FrĂŒchten wĂ€hrend der MĂŒnchen-Nord-Isar (MNI)-Kampagnen, zeigen die Ergebnisse, dass je nach Kulturart und -struktur, unterschiedliche Teile des Bestandes mit optischen Sensoren beobachtet werden können. Bei Winterweizen wurde die höchste Korrelation zwischen gemessenem und modelliertem Wassergehalt fĂŒr Ähren und BlĂ€tter erzielt und sie erreichte Bestimmtheitsmaße (R2) von bis zu 0,72 bei einem relativen RMSE (rRMSE) von 26%, bei Mais entsprechend nur fĂŒr die Blattfraktion (R2 = 0,86, rRMSE = 23%). Diese Ergebnisse fĂŒhrten zu der allgemeinen Empfehlung, Kompartiment-spezifische EWT-Bestandsmessungen zu erheben, anstatt der ĂŒblichen Praxis, blattbasierte EWT-Messungen durch Multiplikation mit dem BlattflĂ€chenindex (LAI) auf den Bestandswassergehalt (CWC) hochzurechnen. Das entwickelte und kalibrierte Modell zur Ableitung des Pflanzenwassergehalts (PWR) erwies sich als rĂ€umlich und zeitlich ĂŒbertragbar und kann auf bald verfĂŒgbare EnMAP-Daten und andere hyperspektrale Bilddaten angewendet werden. In Paper II wird das parametrische Konzept der spektralen Integralratios (SIR) eingefĂŒhrt, um den Chlorophyll a- und b-Gehalt (Cab), den Karotinoidgehalt (Ccx) und den Wassergehalt (Cw) simultan aus bildgebenden Spektroskopiedaten im WellenlĂ€ngenbereich 460-1100 nm zu ermitteln. Das SIR-Konzept basiert auf der automatischen Separierung der jeweiligen Absorptionsmerkmale durch lokale Maxima- und Schnittpunkt-Analyse zwischen log-transformierter Reflektanz und konvexen HĂŒllen. Der Ansatz wurde anhand einer physiologisch eingeschrĂ€nkten PROSAIL-Datenbank unter BerĂŒcksichtigung natĂŒrlicher Ccx-Cab-Beziehungen und Positionen der Maxima im grĂŒnen WellenlĂ€ngenbereich validiert. Die Validierung mit flugzeuggestĂŒtzten spektrometrischen HyMAP-Daten ergab zufriedenstellende Ergebnisse fĂŒr Cab (R2 = 0,84; RMSE = 9,06 ”g cm-2) und CWC (R2 = 0,70; RMSE = 0,05 cm). Die ermittelten Ccx-Werte wurden anhand einer PlausibilitĂ€tsanalyse entsprechend der Cab-Ccx-AbhĂ€ngigkeit als sinnvoll bewertet. Die Darstellung der SIR-Ergebnisse als mehrkanalige Bilder (3 segment SIR) ermöglicht zudem eine auf die drei betrachteten biochemischen Variablen bezogene, intuitive Visualisierung der dominanten Absorptionen. Der vorgestellte SIR-Algorithmus ermöglicht somit wenig rechenintensive und RTM-gestĂŒtzte robuste Ableitungen der beiden wichtigsten Pigmente sowie des Wassergehalts und kann in auf jegliche zukĂŒnftig verfĂŒgbare Hyperspektraldaten angewendet werden. In Paper III wird ein hybrider Ansatz vorgestellt, der RTM mit ML kombiniert, um den Kohlenstoffgehalt (Carea) sowie die oberirdische trockene und frische Biomasse (AGBdry, AGBfresh) abzuschĂ€tzen. Das Konzept umfasst die Erstellung einer PROSAIL-Trainingsdatenbank, die Dimensionsreduzierung mittels PCA, die Reduzierung der Stichprobenanzahl mittels AL anhand des vier Jahre umspannenden MNI-Kampagnendatensatzes und das Training von Gaussian Process Regression (GPR) ML-Algorithmen. Die interne Validierung der GPR-Carea und GPR-AGB-Modelle ergab einen R2 von 0,80 fĂŒr Carea und einen R2 von 0,80 bzw. 0,71 fĂŒr AGBdry und AGBfresh. Die Validierung auf einem unabhĂ€ngigen Datensatz, der flugzeuggestĂŒtzte AVIRIS-NG-Bilder (spektral auf EnMAP umgerechnet) und In-situ-Messungen umfasste, zeigte erfolgreich die KartierungsfĂ€higkeiten sowohl fĂŒr offene Böden als auch fĂŒr grĂŒne Felder und fĂŒhrte zu zuverlĂ€ssigen SchĂ€tzungen auf Winterweizenfeldern bei geringen Modellunsicherheiten (< 40%). Insgesamt zeigen die vorgeschlagenen Kohlenstoff- und Biomassemodelle einen vielversprechenden Ansatz auf, der zur Ableitung dieser wichtigen Variablen ĂŒber AnbauflĂ€chen aus kĂŒnftigen weltraumgestĂŒtzten Hyperspektralaufnahmen wie jenen von EnMAP genutzt werden kann. Als Schlussfolgerungen ergeben sich die folgenden wichtigen Erkenntnisse in Bezug auf parametrische und nichtparametrische Hybridmethoden sowie bezogen auf die Bedeutung der In-situ-Datenerfassung. (1) Unsicherheiten innerhalb des RTM PROSAIL sollten immer berĂŒcksichtigt werden. Eine mögliche Verringerung dieser Unsicherheiten steht dabei der Invertierbarkeit des Modells und dessen beabsichtigter Einfachheit entgegen. (2) Sowohl physiologische EinschrĂ€nkungen als auch AL-Heuristiken sollten angewendet werden, um unrealistische Parameterkombinationen in einer PROSAIL-Kalibrierungs- oder Trainingsdatenbank zu reduzieren. (3) Modernste ML-AnsĂ€tze mit der FĂ€higkeit, Unsicherheitsintervalle bereitzustellen, werden als vielversprechendster Ansatz fĂŒr die Lösung von Inferenzproblemen aus hyperspektralen Erdbeobachtungsdaten aufgrund ihrer synergetischen Nutzung von RTMs und der hohen FlexibilitĂ€t, Genauigkeit und Konsistenz nichtlinearer nichtparametrischer Methoden angesehen. (4) Parametrische hybride AnsĂ€tze ermöglichen aufgrund ihrer algorithmischen Transparenz im Vergleich zu ML-AnsĂ€tzen tiefere Einblicke in die grundlegenden physikalischen Grenzen der optischen Fernerkundung. (5) Integralbasierte Indizes, die die verfĂŒgbare hyperspektrale Information voll ausschöpfen, können als physikalisch-basierte dimensionsreduzierte Inputs fĂŒr ML-Algorithmen dienen, um entweder SchĂ€tzungen zu verbessern oder um als Eingangsdaten die verbesserte Unterscheidung von Kulturpflanzen zu ermöglichen, sobald zusĂ€tzliche Zeitreiheninformationen verfĂŒgbar sind. (6) Die Validierung quantitativer modellbasierter SchĂ€tzungen ist von entscheidender Bedeutung fĂŒr die Bewertung und Verbesserung ihrer LeistungsfĂ€higkeit in Bezug auf die zugrunde liegenden Annahmen, Modellparametrisierungen und Eingabedaten. (7) Angesichts der bald verfĂŒgbaren EnMAP-Daten sollte die Erhebung von In-situ-Daten zur Validierung von Ableitungsmethoden auf eine hohe VariabilitĂ€t der gemessenen Pflanzentypen und eine hohe zeitliche VariabilitĂ€t ĂŒber die gesamte Vegetationsperiode abzielen sowie flĂ€chen- und biomassebasierte destruktive Messungen anstelle von LAI-skalierten Blattmessungen umfassen. Unter der Voraussetzung, dass die Messinstrumente perfekt funktionieren, hĂ€ngt der Erfolg der EnMAP-Mission und der hier vorgestellten Methoden entscheidend von einem rauscharmen, prĂ€zise atmosphĂ€risch korrigierten Reflektanzprodukt ab. Die Ergebnisse der in dieser Arbeit vorgestellten Methoden können in landwirtschaftliche EntscheidungsunterstĂŒtzungssysteme fĂŒr die DĂŒnge- oder BewĂ€sserungsplanung, die ErtragsabschĂ€tzung oder die SchĂ€tzung des Potenzials der Kohlenstoffbindung im Boden integriert werden, um eine nachhaltige Intensivlandwirtschaft in der Zukunft zu ermöglichen

    Statistical Atmospheric Parameter Retrieval Largely Benefits from Spatial-Spectral Image Compression

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    The Infrared Atmospheric Sounding Interferometer (IASI) is flying on board of the Metop satellite series, which is part of the EUMETSAT Polar System (EPS). Products obtained from IASI data represent a significant improvement in the accuracy and quality of the measurements used for meteorological models. Notably, IASI collects rich spectral information to derive temperature and moisture profiles –among other relevant trace gases–, essential for atmospheric forecasts and for the understanding of weather. Here, we investigate the impact of near-lossless and lossy compression on IASI L1C data when statistical retrieval algorithms are later applied. We search for those compression ratios that yield a positive impact on the accuracy of the statistical retrievals. The compression techniques help reduce certain amount of noise on the original data and, at the same time, incorporate spatial-spectral feature relations in an indirect way without increasing the computational complexity. We observed that compressing images, at relatively low bitrates, improves results in predicting temperature and dew point temperature, and we advocate that some amount of compression prior to model inversion is beneficial. This research can benefit the development of current and upcoming retrieval chains in infrared sounding and hyperspectral sensors

    Deep Learning-Based Machinery Fault Diagnostics

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    This book offers a compilation for experts, scholars, and researchers to present the most recent advancements, from theoretical methods to the applications of sophisticated fault diagnosis techniques. The deep learning methods for analyzing and testing complex mechanical systems are of particular interest. Special attention is given to the representation and analysis of system information, operating condition monitoring, the establishment of technical standards, and scientific support of machinery fault diagnosis

    Quantifying Vegetation Biophysical Variables from Imaging Spectroscopy Data: A Review on Retrieval Methods

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    An unprecedented spectroscopic data stream will soon become available with forthcoming Earth-observing satellite missions equipped with imaging spectroradiometers. This data stream will open up a vast array of opportunities to quantify a diversity of biochemical and structural vegetation properties. The processing requirements for such large data streams require reliable retrieval techniques enabling the spatiotemporally explicit quantification of biophysical variables. With the aim of preparing for this new era of Earth observation, this review summarizes the state-of-the-art retrieval methods that have been applied in experimental imaging spectroscopy studies inferring all kinds of vegetation biophysical variables. Identified retrieval methods are categorized into: (1) parametric regression, including vegetation indices, shape indices and spectral transformations; (2) nonparametric regression, including linear and nonlinear machine learning regression algorithms; (3) physically based, including inversion of radiative transfer models (RTMs) using numerical optimization and look-up table approaches; and (4) hybrid regression methods, which combine RTM simulations with machine learning regression methods. For each of these categories, an overview of widely applied methods with application to mapping vegetation properties is given. In view of processing imaging spectroscopy data, a critical aspect involves the challenge of dealing with spectral multicollinearity. The ability to provide robust estimates, retrieval uncertainties and acceptable retrieval processing speed are other important aspects in view of operational processing. Recommendations towards new-generation spectroscopy-based processing chains for operational production of biophysical variables are given
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