6 research outputs found
Neuronal Control of Swimming Behavior: Comparison of Vertebrate and Invertebrate Model Systems
Swimming movements in the leech and lamprey are highly analogous, and lack homology. Thus, similarities in mechanisms must arise from convergent evolution rather than from common ancestry. Despite over 40 years of parallel investigations into this annelid and primitive vertebrate, a close comparison of the approaches and results of this research is lacking. The present review evaluates the neural mechanisms underlying swimming in these two animals and describes the many similarities that provide intriguing examples of convergent evolution. Specifically, we discuss swim initiation, maintenance and termination, isolated nervous system preparations, neural-circuitry, central oscillators, intersegmental coupling, phase lags, cycle periods and sensory feedback. Comparative studies between species highlight mechanisms that optimize behavior and allow us a broader understanding of nervous system function
Psychoneural reduction: a perspective from neural circuits
Abstract: Psychoneural reduction has been debated extensively in the philosophy of neuroscience. In this article I will evaluate metascientific approaches that claim direct molecular and cellular explanations of cognitive functions. I will initially consider the issues involved in linking cellular properties to behaviour from the general perspective of neural circuits. These circuits that integrate the molecular and cellular components underlying cognition and behaviour, making consideration of circuit properties relevant to reductionist debates. I will then apply this general perspective to specific systems where psychoneural reduction has been claimed, namely hippocampal long-term potentiation and the Aplysia gill-withdrawal reflex
The development and neuromodulation of motor control systems in pro-metamorphic Xenopus laevis frog tadpoles
My thesis has accomplished 3 significant contributions to neuroscience. Firstly, I
have discovered a novel example of vertebrate deep-brain photoreception.
Spontaneously generated fictive locomotion from the isolated nervous system of
pro-metamorphic Xenopus tadpoles is sensitive to the ambient light conditions,
despite input from the classical photoreceptive tissues of the retina and pineal
complex being absent. The photosensitivity is found to be tuned to short
wavelength UV light and is localised to a small region of the caudal diencephalon.
Within this region, I have discovered a population of neurons immuno-positive for
a UV-specific opsin protein, suggesting they are the means of phototransduction.
This may be a hitherto overlooked mechanism linking environmental luminance to
motor behaviour. Secondly, I have advanced the collective knowledge of how both
nitric oxide and dopamine contribute to neuromodulation within motor control
systems. Nitric oxide is shown to have an excitatory effect on the occurrence of
spontaneous locomotor activity, representing a switch in its role from earlier in
Xenopus development. Moreover, this excitatory effect is found to be mediated in
the brainstem despite nitric oxide being shown to depolarise spinal neurons.
Thirdly, I have developed a new preparation for patch-clamp recording in pro-metamorphic Xenopus tadpoles. My data suggest there are several changes to the
cellular properties of neurons in the older animals compared with the embryonic
tadpole; there appears to be an addition of Ih and K[sub](Ca) channels and the presence
of tonically active and intrinsically rhythmogenic neurons. In addition, I have
shown that at low doses dopamine acts via D2-like to hyperpolarise the membrane
potential of spinal neurons, while at higher doses dopamine depolarises spinal
neurons. These initial data corroborate previously reported evidence that
dopamine has opposing effects on motor output via differential activation of
dopamine receptor subtypes in Xenopus tadpoles
Initiation and maintenance of swimming in hatchling xenopus laevis tadpoles
Effective movement is central to survival and it is essential for all animals to react in
response to changes around them. In many animals the rhythmic signals that drive
locomotion are generated intrinsically by small networks of neurons in the nervous
system which can be switched on and off. In this thesis I use a very simple animal,
in which the behaviours and neuronal networks have been well characterised experimentally,
to explore the salient features of such networks. Two days after hatching,
tadpoles of the frog Xenopus laevis respond to a brief touch to the head by starting
to swim. The swimming rhythm is driven by a small population of electrically
coupled brainstem neurons (called dINs) on each side of the tadpole. These neurons
also receive synaptic input following head skin stimulation. I build biophysical computational
models of these neurons based on experimental data in order to address
questions about the effects of electrical coupling, synaptic feedback excitation and
initiation pathways. My aim is better understanding of how swimming activity is
initiated and sustained in the tadpole.
I find that the electrical coupling between the dINs causes their firing properties
to be modulated. This allows two experimental observations to be reconciled: that
a dIN only fires a single action potential in response to step current injections but
the population fires like pacemakers during swimming. I build on this hypothesis
and show that long-lasting, excitatory feedback within the population of dINs allows
rhythmic pacemaker activity to be sustained in one side of the nervous system. This
activity can be switched on and off at short latency in response to biologically realistic
synaptic input. I further investigate models of synaptic input from a defined
swim initiation pathway and show that electrical coupling causes a population of
dINs to be recruited to fire either as a group or not at all. This allows the animal
to convert continuously varying sensory stimuli into a discrete decision. Finally I
find that it is difficult to reliably start swimming-like activity in the tadpole model
using simple, short-latency, symmetrical initiation pathways but that by using more
complex, asymmetrical, neuronal-pathways to each side of the body, consistent with
experimental observations, the initiation of swimming is more robust. Throughout
this work, I make testable predictions about the population of brainstem neurons
and also describe where more experimental data is needed. In order to manage the
parameters and simulations, I present prototype libraries to build and manage these
biophysical model networks
Recurrent excitation and inhibition in the Renshaw cell-motoneuron circuit of the lumbar spinal cord
Motor output from spinal motoneurons is influenced by interneuron networks in the ventral horn of the spinal cord. This thesis presents electrophysiologi- cal investigations of two separate but complementary aspects of the neuronal networks that influence this motor output. The first investigation focuses on inhibition of lumbar motoneurons. The second characterises the excitatory synapse formed by motoneuron axon collaterals onto Renshaw cells, which are interneurons that mediate recurrent inhibition onto motoneurons. Previous studies on neonatal rats have shown that inhibition of motoneu- rons is mediated a mixed GABAergic and glycinergic response. Whole- cell voltage-clamp recordings of spinal motoneurons obtained from juvenile (P 8 − 14) mice demonstrated that motoneuron inhibition is mostly mediated by glycine. GABA currents were not co-detected with glycine during this age range in the mouse. Further experiments, in which the relative content of pre-synaptic GABA and glycine was manipulated, showed that GABA is not co-released with glycine by premotor interneurons. Quantal analysis of paired recordings of pre-synaptic motoneurons and post-synaptic Renshaw cells showed that this excitatory synapse exhibits a large number of release sites and a high probability of release. This is suggestive of highly reliable synaptic transmission between the two cell types. Comparison of the number of release sites estimated from paired recordings with those estimated from responses evoked by ventral root stimulation revealed that on average six motoneurons project onto every Renshaw cell. We conclude that: • In mature animals motoneuron inhibition is mainly glycinergic. • The Renshaw cell to motoneuron synapse has a high efficiency of transmission. • The degree of convergence of motoneurons to Renshaw cells is very high. The last two conclusions suggest that firing in motoneurons pools reliably induces firing in the population of connected Renshaw cells
Modelling self-sustained rhythmic activity in lamprey hemisegmental networks
Recent studies of the lamprey spinal cord have shown that hemisegmental preparations can display rhythmic activity in response to a constant input drive. This activity is believed to be generated by a network of recurrently connected excitatory interneurons. A recent study found and characterized self-sustaining rhythmic activity—locomotor bouts—after brief electrical stimulation of hemisegmental preparations. The mechanisms behind the bouts are still unclear. We have developed a computational model of the hemisegmental network. The model addresses the possible involvement of NMDA, AMPA, acetylcholine, and metabotropic glutamate receptors as well as axonal delays in locomotor bouts